Month: February 2025

Molluscum Contagiosum: Symptoms, Causes, & More

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 15/02/2025

Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin infection that presents as small, dome-shaped papules. It can affect children, adults, and individuals with specific risk factors. Though often harmless, its appearance may cause discomfort or cosmetic concern.

This article explains how molluscum contagiosum develops, its symptoms, transmission routes, and recognised treatment options for safe and effective management.

What Is Molluscum Contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum is caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus, a member of the Poxviridae family. It produces smooth, raised, flesh-coloured lesions with a central dimple known as mollusca.

These lesions typically measure between 2 and 5 mm in diameter and are most common in children aged 1 to 10, though adults can also be affected. The infection usually clears within 6 to 12 months but may persist longer in individuals with weakened immune systems such as those living with HIV [1,2,3].

Molluscum contagiosum spreads easily in communal settings like swimming pools and playgrounds, and through close skin contact during activities or intimacy [2,4,6].

How Molluscum Contagiosum Spreads

Molluscum contagiosum spreads through direct skin contact with infected lesions or by touching contaminated objects such as towels, clothing, or toys [1]. Scratching can also spread the virus to other areas of the body, known as autoinoculation [3].

Among adults, sexual contact is a common route of transmission, leading to lesions in the genital or lower abdominal area [4]. Preventive care such as covering lesions, avoiding shared items, and maintaining hygiene significantly reduces transmission risk.

Recognising Molluscum Contagiosum Symptoms

Typical Lesion Appearance

The hallmark sign is a cluster of small, raised, flesh-coloured papules with a smooth surface and central indentation [1]. These are typically painless but may become itchy or inflamed if irritated.

Secondary Skin Changes

In some cases, eczema or mild redness develops around lesions, signalling the body’s immune response [3]. Avoiding scratching is important to prevent bacterial infection or scarring during healing.

Commonly Affected Areas

Age Group	Typical Locations
Children	Face, neck, arms, and hands
Adults	Genital area, lower abdomen, inner thighs

Table 1: Common lesion sites and age-related patterns

Diagnosing Molluscum Contagiosum

Healthcare professionals diagnose molluscum contagiosum primarily through clinical examination [1]. The condition’s distinct appearance usually eliminates the need for further tests.

If uncertainty arises, a biopsy may confirm the diagnosis by identifying Henderson-Patterson bodies, which are microscopic inclusions specific to this virus [3]. Accurate diagnosis ensures appropriate care and reassurance.

Treatment For Molluscum Contagiosum

Although the condition often clears naturally, treatment may be recommended to shorten duration, ease symptoms, or prevent spread. A healthcare professional can advise on suitable options.

Treatment Method	Description	Benefits	Considerations
Topical Treatments	Application of solutions such as potassium hydroxide or salicylic acid [3]	Non-invasive and can accelerate clearance	May cause redness or irritation
Physical Removal	Cryotherapy or curettage to remove lesions [1]	Immediate lesion reduction	Temporary discomfort or mild scarring possible
Oral Medications	Immunomodulatory therapy in select severe cases [5,6]	May reduce lesion count in immunocompromised patients	Used only under supervision

Table 2: Evidence-based treatment options for molluscum contagiosum

Preventing Molluscum Contagiosum

Good hygiene and protective habits help prevent transmission and reinfection.

Preventive Measure	Description
Avoid Sharing Personal Items	Do not share towels, clothing, or personal care objects
Cover Lesions	Use waterproof dressings or clothing, especially during swimming [2]
Practice Safe Contact	Maintain hygiene during intimacy or sports [4]
Wash Hands Regularly	Reduces autoinoculation and spread to others [1]

Table 3: Preventive measures to limit transmission and reinfection

When To Seek Medical Advice

Molluscum contagiosum is self-limiting, but medical review is advised if:

Lesions appear in the genital area [4]
You have a weakened immune system [3]
Lesions become painful, inflamed, or infected [1]
The condition persists beyond 18 months [2]

Professional assessment ensures correct diagnosis and supports safe management.

Monderma’s Role In Skin Health

For individuals managing conditions such as acne, rosacea, or pigmentation, Monderma’s personalised skincare offers prescription-strength treatments designed by UK-registered prescribers. Each formulation is developed following an online clinical consultation to ensure suitability, safety, and results.

Molluscum contagiosum is viral and should be managed through medical care. Monderma’s treatments are designed to complement overall skin health but are not used to treat viral infections.

Conclusion

Molluscum contagiosum is a mild viral skin infection that often resolves naturally but may require treatment to prevent spread or discomfort. Understanding its symptoms, causes, and treatment options empowers individuals to manage their skin confidently and safely.

Practising good hygiene and seeking professional advice support faster recovery and protect others from infection. Explore Monderma’s free consultation to receive expert guidance on maintaining healthy, resilient skin.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

NHS. Molluscum contagiosum. NHS Website. Published February 18, 2020.
CDC. Molluscum Contagiosum. CDC Website.
CDC. Clinical Overview of Molluscum Contagiosum. Published April 15, 2025.
CDC. Preventing Molluscum Contagiosum in Schools, Daycares, and Pools. Accessed July 2025.
NHS Lothian. Molluscum Contagiosum – RefHelp.
Meza-Romero R., Navarrete-Dechent C., Downey C. Molluscum contagiosum: an update and review of new perspectives in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12:373–381.

Miscellaneous

The Risks Of Tanning Beds Explained

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 14/02/2025

Tanning beds remain a popular method for achieving a bronzed appearance without relying on outdoor sunlight. However, these devices expose the skin to concentrated ultraviolet (UV) radiation, increasing the risk of premature ageing and skin cancer.

This article explains how tanning beds work, their associated health risks, and the safer, UV-free alternatives available for achieving a natural glow.

How Tanning Beds Function

Tanning beds use fluorescent lamps that emit ultraviolet light, primarily UVA, to stimulate melanin production and create the appearance of tanned skin [1]. These lamps expose nearly the entire body to radiation several times stronger than midday sunlight, delivering uniform but highly damaging UV exposure [6].

High-intensity UV radiation disrupts DNA repair, accelerates photoageing, and increases melanoma risk, even with short or infrequent sessions [2].

Understanding UV Light

Ultraviolet light falls between visible light and X-rays in wavelength and is divided into three main types:

UVA
Penetrates deeply into the dermis, producing a tan while damaging collagen and DNA. It is the dominant emission from tanning beds [1,6].

UVB
Acts mainly on the surface of the skin, causing sunburn and contributing to vitamin D synthesis. It is present in small amounts in tanning beds [4].

UVC
Completely absorbed by the ozone layer and absent from natural sunlight and tanning equipment.

The predominance of UVA exposure in tanning salons creates long-term damage without visible burning, falsely suggesting safety [6].

Health Risks Of Tanning Beds

Tanning bed use is strongly associated with premature ageing, skin cancer, and eye damage. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies tanning beds as Group 1 carcinogens, the same category as tobacco and asbestos [1,6].

Skin Cancers

Using tanning beds before age 35 increases melanoma risk by 75% [1,2]. Researchers estimate that approximately 6% of melanoma cases in the UK result from tanning bed exposure [2].

Even a few sessions can overwhelm DNA repair, leading to abnormal cell growth. Basal and squamous cell carcinomas, though less severe than melanoma, are also linked to regular use [2].

Premature Ageing

UVA light accelerates the breakdown of collagen and elastin in the skin. This results in wrinkles, loss of firmness, and uneven pigmentation appearing years earlier than expected [1,6].

Pseudoporphyria

Excessive UV exposure may trigger pseudoporphyria, a condition marked by skin fragility, blistering, and scarring [3]. These effects can persist after stopping tanning bed use, highlighting the long-term risks.

Eye Damage

Without protective eyewear, intense UV radiation can cause cataracts, retinal damage, and macular degeneration. Over time, this leads to impaired vision and eye discomfort [1,6].

Immune Suppression

Frequent UV exposure weakens the skin’s immune defence, making it more susceptible to infections and inflammatory conditions [1].

Risk	Summary
Skin cancers	75% increased melanoma risk with early use [1,2,5]
Premature ageing	Collagen breakdown causes wrinkles and age spots [1,6]
Pseudoporphyria	UV-induced blistering and scarring [3]
Eye damage	Cataracts and retinal harm from UV exposure [1,6]
Immune suppression	Reduced defence against infection [1]

Table 1: Key risks associated with tanning bed use

Vitamin D & Tanning Beds

Claims that tanning beds boost vitamin D are misleading. Tanning lamps emit minimal UVB, the wavelength required for vitamin D production [4,5].

The NHS recommends obtaining vitamin D from foods such as oily fish, fortified dairy, or supplements, which are safe and effective [4,5].
The potential for melanoma far outweighs any supposed vitamin D benefit.

Addressing Skin Damage From Tanning Beds

Tanning bed use can lead to hyperpigmentation, dryness, and early signs of ageing. Managing these effects involves protective care and professional evaluation.

Key recovery steps:

Cool the skin: Use cold compresses or cool showers for relief.
Moisturise: Apply fragrance-free or aloe-based creams to hydrate.
Hydrate internally: Maintain adequate water intake for recovery.
Avoid further UV exposure: Protect the skin and discontinue tanning.

Clinical treatments such as light therapy, prescribed under medical supervision, differ entirely from UV tanning and may aid skin repair in specific cases [4].

Safer Tanning Alternatives

Modern alternatives achieve a golden tone without UV exposure:

Spray Tan Booths
These use dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a sugar-derived compound that reacts with the skin’s surface to create a temporary tan. The process is UV-free and fully customisable.

Self-Tanning Lotions
DHA-based lotions and mousses develop colour gradually, allowing control over depth and tone without radiation exposure.

Controlled Sunlight Exposure
For those preferring natural tanning, brief outdoor exposure (10–15 minutes) with broad-spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen minimises harm while maintaining protection.

Method	Description	Duration	UV Exposure
Spray tan	DHA reacts with outer skin layer	7–10 days	None
Self-tanning lotion	Gradual colour development at home	5–7 days	None
Limited sunlight	Brief daily exposure with SPF protection	Variable	Minimal

Table 2: Comparison of UV-free tanning options

Monderma: Personalised Skincare Solutions

Monderma provides prescription-strength skincare designed by UK-registered prescribers and dispensed through a GPhC-regulated pharmacy. Treatments may help manage conditions such as hyperpigmentation, acne, or photoageing that develop following UV exposure.

Ingredients such as tretinoin and niacinamide support smoother texture and improved tone under professional guidance. Individuals with significant sun or tanning damage should seek medical advice before starting treatment.

Conclusion

Tanning beds expose the skin to intense UVA radiation that increases melanoma risk, accelerates visible ageing, and causes long-term cellular damage. Their use contributes to a measurable proportion of skin cancer cases in the UK [1,2,3]. Safer, UV-free options such as spray tanning and self-tanning lotions provide the desired glow without risk. Prioritising sun protection, avoiding tanning salons, and following evidence-based skincare can preserve long-term skin health.

To support skin recovery or prevent future UV damage, you can explore Monderma’s tailored consultation service. Share this article to raise awareness about safer alternatives to tanning.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Strengthens Its Findings on Several Carcinogenic Personal Habits and Household Exposures. IARC Press Release No. 196, 2009.
Boniol M., Autier P., Boyle P., Gandini S. Cutaneous Melanoma Attributable to Sunbed Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMJ, 2012; 345:e4757.
Murphy G.M. Sunbed-Induced Pseudoporphyria. British Journal of Dermatology, 1989.
NHS. Vitamin D. NHS UK, 2024.
NICE. Vitamin D: Supplement Use in Specific Population Groups. 2017.
Cancer Research UK. How Do Sunbeds Cause Skin Cancer? 2023.

Ingredients

Alpha Arbutin: A Gentle Skin Brightening Treatment

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 13/02/2025

Alpha arbutin is a naturally derived skincare ingredient recognised for its ability to improve uneven skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots. Its gentle action makes it suitable for most skin types, including sensitive skin, offering a safer approach to achieving a brighter complexion.

This article explains how alpha arbutin works, its benefits compared with other brightening ingredients, and how it can form part of a professional skincare plan.

Understanding Alpha Arbutin

Alpha arbutin is a natural glycoside found in plants such as bearberry, cranberry, and blueberry. It combines glucose with a hydroquinone molecule but differs from hydroquinone in its gentler, non-irritating action.

It works by inhibiting tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for melanin production. By reducing tyrosinase activity, alpha arbutin helps prevent the overproduction of pigment that causes dark spots and uneven tone.

Research in Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin found that alpha arbutin at concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 mM reduced tyrosinase activity in human melanocytes without toxicity, outperforming kojic acid and vitamin C at equivalent doses [2].

How Alpha Arbutin Works

Melanin determines skin colour and is produced by melanocytes through a process controlled by tyrosinase. When this enzyme is overly active due to sun exposure, hormonal changes, or inflammation, hyperpigmentation develops.

Alpha arbutin selectively slows down tyrosinase, which helps reduce excessive pigment formation. Studies in Archives of Pharmacal Research confirmed that alpha arbutin lowered melanin production in laboratory models of stimulated pigmentation [4].

Benefits Of Alpha Arbutin

Benefit	Description
Reduces hyperpigmentation	Helps fade dark spots and marks caused by sun exposure, acne, or hormonal imbalance when used consistently over several weeks [5].
Evens skin tone	Encourages a balanced, radiant complexion.
Gentle for all skin types	Well tolerated and suitable even for sensitive skin.
Minimal side effects	Rarely causes irritation or photosensitivity when used as directed.

Table 1: Benefits of alpha arbutin for skin tone and pigmentation balance

Alpha arbutin provides a well-rounded brightening approach that targets uneven tone while maintaining comfort and barrier health.

Comparing Alpha Arbutin To Other Skin Brighteners

Alpha Arbutin & Hydroquinone

Hydroquinone is a potent prescription skin lightening agent but may cause irritation or pigment rebound with long-term use. Alpha arbutin, a glycosylated derivative of hydroquinone, gently inhibits tyrosinase without cytotoxic effects, making it suitable for prolonged use [6].

Alpha Arbutin & Kojic Acid

Kojic acid is a fungal metabolite often used in brightening formulations but can trigger redness or irritation. Alpha arbutin generally offers better tolerance and has demonstrated greater effectiveness at lower concentrations in controlled studies [2].

Choosing The Right Alpha Arbutin Product

When selecting products, focus on concentration, formulation, and quality:

Factor	Recommendation
Concentration	1–2% alpha arbutin offers an effective balance of efficacy and safety [3].
Formulation	Lightweight serums allow better skin absorption.
Brand quality	Choose brands with pharmacist or clinician oversight for assured safety.

Table 2: Key product considerations when choosing alpha arbutin skincare

Daily use of sunscreen alongside alpha arbutin enhances results and prevents further pigmentation.

Monderma’s Custom Approach To Skin Brightening

Monderma offers personalised prescription skincare created by UK-registered prescribers and dispensed by a GPhC-registered pharmacy. Treatments are developed to address conditions such as hyperpigmentation, acne scarring, and uneven skin tone.

Ingredient	Strength Range	Role In Brightening
Alpha Arbutin	1–2%	Gently reduces melanin formation
Hydroquinone	2–4%	Prescription-only, inhibits pigment production
Azelaic Acid	3–20%	Balances tone and reduces inflammation
Tretinoin	0.01–0.1%	Promotes renewal for smoother, even texture
Niacinamide	2–4%	Supports barrier and reduces pigment transfer

Table 3: Active ingredients used in prescription brightening treatments

Each formula is assessed individually to ensure suitability for skin type, medical history, and treatment goals.

No independent clinical trials have been published on Monderma’s formulations.

Conclusion

Alpha arbutin offers a clinically supported, gentle way to brighten the skin and address pigmentation concerns. By inhibiting tyrosinase and limiting melanin overproduction, it can help create a more radiant, even complexion with regular use. Incorporating alpha arbutin with sun protection and consistent care supports visible improvement over time.

You can complete a free online consultation reviewed by a GPhC-registered prescriber to explore whether a prescription-strength formula could complement your skincare goals.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

Boo, Y.C. Arbutin as a skin depigmenting agent with antimelanogenic and antioxidant properties. Antioxidants (Basel), 2021; 10(7):1129.
Sugimoto, K., et al. Inhibitory effects of alpha-arbutin on melanin synthesis in cultured human melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin model. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2004; 27(4):510–514.
Sarkar, R., Arora, P., Garg, K.V. Cosmeceuticals for hyperpigmentation: what is available? Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery, 2013; 6(1):4–11.
Lim, Y.J., et al. Inhibitory effects of arbutin on melanin biosynthesis of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced hyperpigmentation in cultured guinea pig skin tissues. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2009; 32(3):367–373.
Schwartz, C., Jan, A., Zito, P.M. Hydroquinone. StatPearls, 2024.

Treatments

What Is Albinism? Genetic Condition Explained Clearly

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 12/02/2025

Albinism is a rare inherited condition characterised by reduced or absent melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes. This pigment deficiency influences appearance, sun sensitivity, and vision.

This article explains what causes albinism, its main subtypes, and how those affected can protect their skin and wellbeing.

The Role Of Melanin

Melanin is a natural pigment made by melanocytes in the skin, hair, and eyes. It protects against ultraviolet (UV) radiation by absorbing and dispersing harmful rays that can cause sunburn or cell damage [1,7].

Genetic mutations that impair melanin synthesis lead to albinism. Without melanin, the skin is lighter, the eyes are more sensitive to sunlight, and the risk of UV-related health issues rises [1,7].

Melanin is also vital for visual development. Its absence can cause structural and functional eye changes, such as reduced acuity and light sensitivity [2,6,8].

Understanding melanin’s protective and developmental roles highlights why people with albinism require both sun protection and specialised eye care [1,7].

Types & Causes Of Albinism

Albinism occurs due to mutations in genes controlling melanin production. The two main forms are oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and ocular albinism (OA) [1,2,8].

OCA affects skin, hair, and eyes, while OA primarily involves the eyes. OCA usually follows an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning both parents must carry the gene. OA is often linked to the X chromosome and more common in males [2,8].

Carriers usually have no symptoms but can pass the gene to their children. Genetic counselling can help families understand inheritance risks and available testing options [2,8].

Signs, Symptoms & Subtypes

Common Features

OCA presents with a range of visible and visual symptoms [2,8]:

Pale skin: Burns easily and does not tan, requiring careful sun protection [1,5,7]
Light hair: Colour ranges from white to light brown depending on residual melanin [1,2,8]
Visual impairments: Nystagmus, photophobia, and reduced vision are common [6,7,8]

These features can impact confidence, daily function, and independence, especially when vision support is limited [6,8].

OCA Subtypes

Each OCA subtype corresponds to specific gene mutations and melanin levels.

OCA1A: Complete absence of melanin
OCA1B: Partial melanin development over time [2,8]

Recognising subtypes supports accurate diagnosis and management planning.

Symptom	Description
Pale skin	Very light skin that burns easily and does not tan [1,5,7]
Light hair	Ranges from white to light brown due to reduced melanin [1,2,8]
Visual impairments	Includes nystagmus, photophobia, and reduced acuity [6,7,8]

Table 1: Common symptoms and characteristics of OCA

Ocular Albinism (OA)

OA affects the eyes with minimal change to skin or hair colour. Symptoms often include [6]:

Nystagmus or involuntary eye movements
Photophobia or light sensitivity
Translucent irises that appear pink or red

Treatment focuses on improving visual comfort through corrective lenses, tinted glasses, or assistive devices [6].

Albinism Across Populations

Albinism affects individuals of all ethnic backgrounds. However, lighter pigmentation may cause social challenges and misunderstanding in some communities [3,5].

Education and awareness help correct myths and reduce stigma. Advocacy groups and public health initiatives play key roles in improving inclusion and protection [5].

Sun Protection & Sensitivity

Because melanin is reduced or absent, people with albinism are more prone to sunburn and UV damage [1,3,7]. Proper protection prevents photoaging and reduces cancer risk.

Measure	Description
Broad-spectrum sunscreen	SPF 30 or higher, reapplied regularly outdoors [1,3,7]
Protective clothing	Use long sleeves, hats, and UV-filter sunglasses [1,3,7]
Seek shade	Avoid midday sun and limit prolonged exposure [1,3,7]

Table 2: Essential protective measures for albinism

Sun-safety education for children with albinism helps instil lifelong protective habits [1,3,7]. Schools, parents, and healthcare providers can support early awareness and ensure accessibility to suitable skincare and eye care [3,5].

Social Impact & Support

Living with albinism may involve emotional strain and social discrimination. Stigma can affect mental health and quality of life [5].

Empathy, education, and supportive communities foster acceptance. Counselling and peer networks can provide reassurance and strengthen self-esteem [5].

Albinism In Animals

Albinism also appears in animals, including reptiles, birds, and mammals. For example, albino pythons have distinctive pale skin and red eyes. Research into animal albinism enhances understanding of pigment biology and human genetics [5].

Promoting Awareness & Advocacy

Awareness efforts help build inclusive attitudes and improve health outcomes.

Key approaches include:

Education: Distributing factual information about albinism [5]
Advocacy: Supporting research and equality initiatives [5]
Community engagement: Hosting awareness events and media campaigns [5]

These actions promote empathy, challenge stereotypes, and protect human rights.

Skin Care For Albinism

Although skincare cannot change genetic pigment loss, it supports comfort and protection. Gentle, fragrance-free products, broad-spectrum sunscreen, and consistent moisturising maintain skin barrier strength [1].

Monderma provides prescription skincare for general information purposes only. These formulations are not indicated for genetic pigment disorders such as albinism but can support overall skin health under professional guidance.

Conclusion

Albinism is a lifelong genetic condition affecting pigmentation, vision, and social experience. Through education, advocacy, and strong sun protection, individuals with albinism can protect their health and wellbeing while promoting inclusion and awareness.

You can explore Monderma’s free online consultation to discover tailored skincare options for sensitive skin. Sharing this article helps raise awareness and understanding of albinism.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

NHS. Albinism. NHS Conditions, 2023.
Grønskov K., Ek J., Brondum-Nielsen K. Oculocutaneous Albinism. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 2007; 2:43.
Lund P.M., Taylor J.S. Lack of Adequate Sun Protection for Children with Oculocutaneous Albinism in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 2008; 8:225.
British Association of Dermatologists. Squamous Cell Carcinoma. 2022.
Marçon C.R., Maia M. Albinism: Epidemiology, Genetics, Cutaneous Characterisation, Psychosocial Factors. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 2019; 94(5):503-520.
Kruijt C.C., de Wit G.C., Bergen A.A., Florijn R.J., Schalij-Delfos N.E., van Genderen M.M. The Phenotypic Spectrum of Albinism. Ophthalmology, 2018; 125(12):1953-1960.
Brenner M., Hearing V.J. The Protective Role of Melanin Against UV Damage in Human Skin. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2008; 84(3):539-549.
MedlinePlus. Oculocutaneous Albinism. Genetics Home Reference, 2021.

Miscellaneous

How Sleep Boosts Your Night Skincare Routine

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 11/02/2025

Sleep is one of the most effective natural tools for skin renewal. During rest, the body enters a restorative phase where cellular repair peaks, circulation improves, and collagen synthesis strengthens the skin barrier. Understanding this process helps achieve visibly smoother, firmer, and more radiant skin over time.

This article explains how sleep enhances skin repair, which skincare steps work best overnight, and how personalised treatment can maximise your results.

Why Sleep Is Essential For Skin Health

Quality sleep allows the skin to recover from daily stress and environmental exposure. As circulation increases, oxygen and nutrients reach the skin more efficiently, stimulating regeneration. Collagen production also rises, supporting firmness and reducing fine lines [1,2].

Insufficient sleep can weaken the skin barrier, increase inflammation, and accelerate visible ageing [3,4]. Consistent rest remains one of the most effective ways to maintain healthy, resilient skin.

How Sleep Affects Hormones & Skin

During sleep, hormonal balance is restored. Cortisol levels fall, which reduces inflammation and helps preserve barrier function. High cortisol can lead to dryness, dullness, and early signs of ageing. Achieving seven to nine hours of rest nightly helps maintain optimal hormone levels [8].

Experts often describe sleep as the body’s natural reset, giving skin the time and resources needed to repair and strengthen.

The Role Of Collagen In Skin Repair

Collagen is a structural protein that keeps the skin firm and smooth. Research shows collagen synthesis increases at night, improving elasticity and softening fine lines [2,3]. When sleep is restricted to about four hours per night, collagen production falls and the skin can lose bounce and clarity [9].

Restoring proper sleep patterns allows collagen to rebuild, creating a visibly refreshed complexion.

Skincare Products To Enhance Sleep Benefits

A well structured night routine supports the body’s natural repair rhythm. Products rich in hydrating and restorative ingredients help the skin recover more effectively while you rest.

Collagen Face Masks & Creams

Collagen masks infuse moisture and may support elasticity, particularly those formulated with hydrolysed or nano collagen. Eye masks can hydrate delicate areas.

Although collagen creams provide surface hydration, the molecules are usually too large to penetrate deeply. For stronger results, prescription ingredients that stimulate collagen within the skin can be more effective.

Hydrating Serums & Moisturisers

A hydrating serum helps lock in moisture and supports the skin barrier. Applying it before a night cream aids overnight renewal. Consistent hydration reduces transepidermal water loss and supports smoother texture [12].

Sleep Masks & Accessories

Silk sleep masks create a dark, comfortable environment that supports deeper rest and reduces friction on the skin. Lip masks prevent dryness, while a supportive pillow can aid circulation. Better sleep quality enhances nutrient delivery and recovery [1].

Night Skincare Routine For Optimal Results

A calm, consistent evening routine enhances the benefits of rest. Begin with a gentle cleansing balm to remove impurities. Apply an active serum, such as one containing collagen or niacinamide, then seal with a nourishing night cream. Use a targeted face mask weekly for additional renewal.

What To Expect From Better Sleep & Skincare

With seven to nine hours of consistent sleep, collagen formation peaks, fine lines soften, and overall tone can improve within weeks [3].

Aspect	Benefit Of Sleep	Outcome Without Sleep
Collagen Production	Boosts assembly and elasticity	Reduced firmness and more wrinkles
Blood Flow	Improves complexion and repair	Dull and uneven tone
Hormonal Balance	Regulates cortisol and protects barrier	Increased inflammation

Table 1: Sleep supports key skin functions that maintain radiance and firmness

Monderma’s Personalised Custom Formula

Monderma’s prescription strength skincare is designed by UK registered clinicians and dispensed by a GPhC regulated pharmacy. Each formulation supports the skin’s nightly repair phase through clinically recognised actives.

Ingredient	Strength	Description	How It Supports Overnight Repair
Adapalene	0.1 to 0.3%	Vitamin A retinoid	Increases cell turnover for faster renewal overnight
Azelaic Acid	3 to 20%	Naturally derived dicarboxylic acid	Calms inflammation and supports barrier recovery during rest [10]
Hydroquinone	2 to 4%	Prescription only pigment inhibitor	Reduces melanin formation for clearer tone under supervision [11]
Niacinamide	2 to 4%	Vitamin B3 derivative	Enhances hydration and reinforces the barrier overnight [12]
Tretinoin	0.01 to 0.1%	Prescription retinoid	Supports collagen synthesis and renewal during sleep [13]

Table 2: Clinical actives timed with sleep can enhance natural overnight repair

Additional Tips For Healthy Skin

Nutrition and lifestyle habits strengthen the effects of sleep on skin health. A diet rich in antioxidants helps defend against oxidative stress, while adequate hydration supports cell renewal. Relaxation techniques such as gentle yoga or breathing exercises promote deeper rest, further supporting barrier recovery.

Conclusion

Sleep is a powerful ally for skin renewal, supporting collagen, hydration, and hormonal balance. Combined with a tailored night routine and professional skincare guidance, it can deliver visible improvements in clarity, texture, and tone.

Start a free online consultation reviewed by one of our GPhC-registered prescribers to explore a prescription-strength formula that complements your skin’s overnight repair.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

Healthline, 6 Ways to Maximize Your Beauty Sleep for #WokeUpLikeThis Skin, 2018.
Nature Cell Biology, Circadian Control of the Secretory Pathway Maintains Collagen Homeostasis, 2020.
Jang, S., et al. A Study of Skin Characteristics with Long Term Sleep Restriction in Korean Women, 2019.
Vujevich Dermatology, Beauty Sleep: How Sleep Affects Skin, 2019.
Healthline, Do Not Sleep on the Importance of Beauty Rest, 2022.
Sleep Foundation, Beauty Sleep: Why Rest and Relaxation Impact Appearance, 2023.
Monderma, Personalised Custom Formula, 2025.
Kahan, V., et al. Can Poor Sleep Affect Skin Integrity? PubMed, 2010.
Holding, B.C., et al. The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Facial Appearance, 2019.
Banner Health, The Different Skin Benefits of Azelaic Acid, 2022.
Healthline, Everything You Need to Know About Hydroquinone, 2018.
La Roche-Posay, What Does Niacinamide Do: Unveiling Its Skin Benefits, 2024.
Academic All Derm, Tretinoin Cream: The Ultimate Guide, 2023.

Ingredients

Tretinoin Results: Timeline, Expected Effects & Use

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 10/02/2025

Tretinoin is a clinically proven topical treatment that improves acne, skin texture, and visible signs of ageing. As a form of vitamin A, it accelerates cell turnover, helping to reveal clearer, smoother skin with consistent use.

This article explains how tretinoin works, what results to expect over time, and how to maximise its benefits safely.

Understanding Tretinoin & How It Works

Tretinoin is available as a cream, gel, or lotion and is applied in a pea-sized amount once daily. It is most often prescribed for acne but also helps reduce fine lines, sun damage, and uneven tone [1,2,3].

As a derivative of vitamin A, tretinoin promotes faster skin cell renewal and prevents clogged pores. Research shows that it increases epidermal proliferation and collagen synthesis, leading to healthier, smoother skin [2,3].

Starting Tretinoin: What To Expect

Mild irritation is common when beginning tretinoin treatment. Temporary redness, peeling, and dryness may occur as the skin adjusts [4]. This is known as the “retinisation” period.

Some individuals also experience an initial acne flare, sometimes called a purge phase, as pores begin to clear [8]. The NHS notes that these effects typically settle as skin tolerance builds [4].

To ease adjustment:

Apply every other night for the first two weeks
Use a moisturiser after application
Avoid harsh exfoliants or alcohol-based products

Tretinoin Results Timeline

Visible results develop gradually with consistent use. Most improvements appear between 8 and 12 weeks, with full results after several months of regular application.

Time Period	Phase	What To Expect
Weeks 1–4	Adjustment Phase	Redness, peeling, or mild purging as skin adapts [4,8].
Weeks 4–8	Visible Changes Begin	Texture begins to smooth, breakouts start to reduce [5,7].
Weeks 8–12	Noticeable Results	Fewer acne lesions and lighter dark spots [3,6].
After 12 Weeks	Long-Term Benefits	Clearer skin, even tone, and improved firmness [6,9].

Table 1: General tretinoin results timeline and expected improvements

Patience is essential. Studies show that acne lesions may decrease by up to 40% after 12 weeks of tretinoin use [11], with ongoing improvement for pigmentation and fine lines beyond three months.

Tretinoin Effects & Benefits

Tretinoin provides multiple clinically supported benefits for acne and photoaged skin.

Reduces Acne & Prevents Breakouts

Tretinoin helps keep pores clear, reducing both inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne. It also prevents new blockages from forming. NICE recommends topical retinoids, including tretinoin, as a first-line therapy for mild to moderate acne [10].

Improves Texture & Tone

By stimulating cell turnover, tretinoin smooths rough texture and fades dark marks caused by post-inflammatory pigmentation [6,9]. Consistent use helps create a brighter, more even complexion.

Minimises Fine Lines & Early Ageing

Tretinoin stimulates collagen production, softening fine lines and reducing visible signs of photoageing [6]. Long-term use can improve firmness and elasticity, though deep wrinkles may require additional treatments.

Benefit	Mechanism	Evidence
Acne reduction	Unclogs pores and reduces inflammation	NICE, 2021 [10]
Smoother texture	Accelerates epidermal renewal	Weiss et al., 1988 [3]
Fades pigmentation	Promotes exfoliation and turnover	Bulengo-Ransby et al., 1993 [9]
Reduces fine lines	Boosts collagen synthesis	Sitohang et al., 2022 [6]

Table 2: Clinical benefits of tretinoin and supporting evidence

Tips For Success With Tretinoin

A gentle, consistent routine helps maximise results and minimise irritation.

Start slowly: Use a low strength such as 0.025% and increase as tolerated [4,8].
Moisturise regularly: Apply a non-comedogenic moisturiser after tretinoin to prevent dryness [4,8].
Use sunscreen daily: Broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher is essential, as tretinoin increases sun sensitivity [2,7].
Avoid harsh actives: Do not mix tretinoin with exfoliating acids until tolerance builds.
Be consistent: Results rely on regular use over several months.

Monderma’s Custom Formula With Tretinoin

Monderma offers prescription-strength skincare tailored by UK-registered prescribers and dispensed through a GPhC-registered pharmacy.

Each formula is customised following clinical consultation and may include tretinoin alongside other evidence-based ingredients to target acne, ageing, and uneven tone.

Ingredient	Strength	Description	Clinical Benefit
Tretinoin	0.01–0.1%	Prescription vitamin A derivative	Boosts cell turnover and smooths texture
Azelaic Acid	5–20%	Naturally derived anti-inflammatory	Reduces pigmentation and inflammation
Niacinamide	2–4%	Vitamin B3 derivative	Supports barrier and brightens tone
Adapalene	0.1–0.3%	Topical retinoid alternative	Improves acne with less irritation

Table 3: Key ingredients used in Monderma’s prescription formulas

Conclusion

Tretinoin remains one of the most effective treatments for acne, pigmentation, and early skin ageing. Results develop gradually, with visible improvement typically within 8 to 12 weeks and continued benefits with ongoing use.

Professional guidance ensures safe, optimised results and long-term skin health. Monderma’s prescription treatments, created by UK-registered prescribers, offer tailored solutions to support your journey toward clearer, smoother skin.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

Kligman, A.M. et al. Topical Tretinoin for Photoaged Skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1986, 15(4):836–859.
Mayo Clinic. Tretinoin (Topical Route). 2025.
Weiss, J.S., Ellis, C.N., Headington, J.T., Tincoff, T., Hamilton, T.A., & Voorhees, J.J. Topical Tretinoin Improves Photoaged Skin: A Double-blind Vehicle-Controlled Study. JAMA, 1988; 259(4):527–532.
NHS. Acne Treatment. 2023.
UK Meds. How Long Does Tretinoin Take to Work? 2025.
Sitohang, I.B., Makes, W.I., Sandora, N., & Suryanegara, J. Topical Tretinoin for Treating Photoaging: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. International Journal of Women’s Dermatology, 2022; 8(2):e015.
Miiskin. How Long Does Tretinoin Take To Work for Acne and Wrinkles? 2025.
Miiskin. What Is the Tretinoin Purge? We Asked a Derm. 2025.
Bulengo-Ransby, S.M. et al. Topical Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid) Therapy for Hyperpigmented Lesions. Archives of Dermatology, 1993.
NICE. Acne Vulgaris: Management. NG198, 2021.
Haider, A., & Shaw, J.C. Treatment of Acne Vulgaris. JAMA, 2004; 292(6):726–735.

Treatments

Papulopustular Rosacea Symptoms & Best Care Tips

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 09/02/2025

Papulopustular rosacea is a common subtype of rosacea that causes facial redness, inflammation, and acne-like bumps. Understanding its symptoms and treatment options helps manage this chronic condition effectively and improve skin comfort.

This article explains what papulopustular rosacea is, its main symptoms, and the most effective evidence-based treatments, alongside lifestyle and skincare advice.

What Is Papulopustular Rosacea

Papulopustular rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition often mistaken for acne. It presents as red bumps and pus-filled lesions on the face, commonly affecting the cheeks, chin, nose, and forehead [6].

This subtype can occur in all skin tones and genders but is more frequent in adults with lighter complexions [5]. Along with erythematotelangiectatic, phymatous, and ocular rosacea, it is one of four recognised forms of rosacea.

Persistent redness, visible capillaries, and a burning or stinging sensation are hallmark features. Many individuals also experience emotional distress due to changes in appearance [1].

Symptoms Of Papulopustular Rosacea

Recognising symptoms early supports accurate diagnosis and appropriate care.

Symptom	Description
Persistent facial redness	Continuous redness, appearing pink or flushed in lighter skin and dusky brown in darker skin tones [5].
Red bumps (papules)	Small, raised, inflamed spots that may feel tender [6].
Pus-filled bumps (pustules)	White or yellow lesions resembling acne [6].
Visible blood vessels (telangiectasias)	Small red lines caused by dilated capillaries [6].
Burning or stinging sensations	Skin discomfort often described as heat or irritation [1].
Dry, rough texture	The skin may feel tight or scaly [1].

Table 1: Common symptoms of papulopustular rosacea and their characteristics.

If these symptoms appear, it is important to consult a dermatologist. Rosacea can mimic acne, dermatitis, or perioral inflammation, making professional evaluation essential.

The Best Treatments For Papulopustular Rosacea

Rosacea management requires a combination of topical therapy, oral medication, and supportive skincare. Treatment choice depends on severity, triggers, and response over time.

Topical Treatments

Topical therapies are the first step in controlling inflammation and redness.

Metronidazole Cream: This antibiotic reduces inflammation and is effective in decreasing papules and pustules. A Cochrane review confirmed its superiority to placebo [2].
Azelaic Acid: Proven to reduce swelling, redness, and lesions, supported by high-certainty evidence for rosacea [3,12].
Ivermectin Cream: Acts on inflammation and Demodex mites. Studies show greater lesion reduction and patient satisfaction compared with metronidazole [7,8].
Tretinoin: A vitamin A derivative that promotes skin renewal. It may help improve texture but requires caution due to possible irritation [2].

Oral Medications

Oral therapy is often recommended for moderate or severe rosacea.

Antibiotics: Low-dose doxycycline reduces inflammation and lesion count. NICE guidelines recommend tetracyclines, including doxycycline, as first-line systemic therapy [4].
Isotretinoin: Considered for resistant cases under specialist supervision. It decreases oil production and inflammation but requires careful monitoring due to potential side effects [9].

Laser & Light Therapies

Laser and light-based procedures target persistent redness and visible blood vessels.

Intense Pulsed Light (IPL): Helps reduce redness and improve skin texture by targeting vascular structures [10,11].
Pulsed Dye Laser: Effective for telangiectasias and chronic redness but not for papules or pustules. Availability and cost may vary [10].

Treatment Type	Benefit	Timeframe	Consideration
Topical Azelaic Acid	Reduces redness and swelling	8–12 weeks	Mild tingling may occur
Ivermectin Cream	Reduces inflammation and mites	12–16 weeks	Excellent tolerability
Doxycycline (oral)	Controls moderate to severe lesions	8–16 weeks	Prescription required
IPL Therapy	Improves redness and tone	4–8 sessions	Private treatment
Isotretinoin	For resistant cases	Variable	Requires medical supervision

Table 2: Common rosacea treatments and their main benefits

Lifestyle Changes & Rosacea Management

Simple adjustments in daily habits can complement clinical treatment and reduce flare frequency.

Diet & Nutrition

A balanced, anti-inflammatory diet may improve skin comfort. Include foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins. Limiting alcohol, spicy foods, and very hot drinks may reduce flare-ups [6].

Stress & Emotional Balance

Stress is a well-known trigger. Relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, or breathing exercises can help stabilise flare cycles [6].

Skin Hydration

Hydration supports the skin barrier, improving tolerance to topical treatments. Drink adequate water and use moisturisers with ceramides or hyaluronic acid [6].

Monderma’s Personalised Approach To Rosacea

Monderma provides personalised, prescription-strength formulations created by UK-registered prescribers and dispensed by a GPhC-registered pharmacy.

Each rosacea treatment is tailored following an online clinical consultation. Ingredients such as azelaic acid and ivermectin help reduce redness, inflammation, and flare frequency.

Ingredient	Strength	Description	Role In Rosacea Management
Azelaic Acid	10–20%	Naturally derived anti-inflammatory	Reduces swelling and redness
Ivermectin	1%	Antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory	Targets Demodex and reduces lesions
Niacinamide	2–4%	Vitamin B3 derivative	Strengthens barrier and calms irritation
Tretinoin	0.01–0.05%	Vitamin A retinoid	Supports texture and cell renewal

Table 3: Key ingredients in Monderma’s prescription rosacea treatments

Conclusion

Papulopustular rosacea is a treatable skin condition that benefits from consistent care, prescription-based treatment, and targeted skincare. Combining topical therapy, oral medication, and lifestyle changes helps restore comfort and confidence.

Professional assessment remains essential for accurate diagnosis and safe treatment selection. Monderma’s tailored prescription skincare offers expert-guided solutions for managing rosacea symptoms effectively and maintaining long-term skin balance.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

McGregor S.P., Alinia H., Snyder A., Tuchayi S.M., Fleischer A., Feldman S.R. A Review of the Current Modalities for the Treatment of Papulopustular Rosacea. Dermatol Clin. 2018;36(2):135–150.
van Zuuren E.J., Fedorowicz Z., Carter B., van der Linden M.M., Charland L. Interventions for Rosacea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(4):CD003262.
van Zuuren E.J., Fedorowicz Z., Tan J., et al. Interventions for Rosacea Based on the Phenotype Approach: An Updated Systematic Review. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(1):65–79.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Rosacea – Management. Updated October 2021.
American Academy of Dermatology. Rosacea: Signs and Symptoms.
Healthline. Papulopustular Rosacea: Symptoms, Triggers, Treatment.
Healthline. What to Know About Ivermectin for Rosacea: Effectiveness, Side Effects, and Safety.
AAFP. Ivermectin 1% Cream (Soolantra) for Inflammatory Lesions of Rosacea.
Assiri A. et al. Efficacy of Low-Dose Isotretinoin in the Treatment of Rosacea.
Schroeter C.A., Haaf-von Below S., Neumann H.A. Effective Treatment of Rosacea Using Intense Pulsed Light Systems. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(10):1285–1289.
King S. et al. A Systematic Review to Evaluate the Efficacy of Azelaic Acid in the Management of Acne, Rosacea, Melasma and Skin Aging. PubMed.
Mazurek K. et al. Dermocosmetics Containing Azelaic Acid for Rosacea Management. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016;15(4):393–399.

Miscellaneous

How To Safely Achieve That Bronze Skin Tan This Season

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 08/02/2025

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays stimulates melanin production, creating a tanned appearance. However, tanning results from DNA damage, meaning a completely safe natural tan is impossible [1]. Even limited exposure can accelerate ageing and increase risks of hyperpigmentation and skin cancer [2,4,5].

This article explains how to tan more safely, protect your skin, and achieve a golden glow through evidence-based methods and sunless alternatives.

Fitzpatrick Skin Types & Tanning Responses

The Fitzpatrick scale classifies skin based on its reaction to UV rays. Understanding your skin type supports safer tanning practices [3].

Fitzpatrick Skin Type	Description	Burning Tendency	Tanning Response	Photoprotection Needs
Type I	Very fair	Always burns	Never tans	Stringent photoprotection to prevent damage
Type II	Fair	Burns easily	Tans minimally	High SPF and gradual exposure
Type III	Medium	Burns moderately	Tans gradually	Broad-spectrum sunscreen for even tone
Type IV	Olive	Burns minimally	Tans easily	Regular protection for long-term health
Type V	Brown	Rarely burns	Tans deeply	SPF to prevent hyperpigmentation
Type VI	Dark	Never burns	Tans profoundly	UV protection to maintain even tone

Table 1: Fitzpatrick skin types and tanning responses

Photoprotection & Safe Tanning

Photoprotection is the foundation of safe tanning. Physical barriers and sunscreen together reduce but do not eliminate UV-related risks.

Physical Protection

Physical barriers remain the most effective form of defence.

Avoid sun exposure between 11:00 and 15:00 when UV rays are strongest [5].
Wear long sleeves, wide-brimmed hats, and UV-protective fabrics.
Seek shade whenever possible during outdoor activities.

Sunscreen Use

Sunscreen protects against UVA (ageing) and UVB (burning) rays. Both reflective and absorbent types are beneficial.

Choose a broad-spectrum SPF 15–30 containing zinc oxide or avobenzone [6].
Apply generously 30 minutes before exposure and reapply every two hours or after swimming.
SPF 30 offers stronger protection for daily use.

Note: Sunscreen alone does not completely prevent skin cancer. It should always be combined with protective clothing and shade [7].

Approaching Tanning With Caution

Some may still wish to achieve a sun-kissed look. While UV tanning always carries some risk, following cautious routines helps minimise harm.

Optimal Timing

Limit exposure to early morning or late afternoon. Avoid tanning between 11:00 and 15:00 when rays are most intense [5].

Gradual Exposure

Start with 5–10 minutes per session. Increase gradually while monitoring for redness or tightness. Overexposure heightens DNA damage and photoageing [1].

Hydration For Skin Health

Hydrated skin tans more evenly. Drink water regularly and use moisturisers with aloe vera or hyaluronic acid to maintain suppleness [8].

Tanning Tips For Different Skin Types

Tailoring your approach according to skin type helps reduce irritation and uneven tone.

How To Tan Pale Skin

Begin with SPF 30 or higher, never below SPF 15 [6].
Limit exposure to 5–10 minutes per session.
Use wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses to protect sensitive areas.

Olive Skin Tanning

Use SPF 15–30 with consistent reapplication.
Hydrate with shea butter or niacinamide-rich products to preserve softness.

Bronze & Darker Skin

Maintain SPF 15–30 to prevent hyperpigmentation.
Aloe vera-based moisturisers enhance radiance and even tone.

Maintaining Your Tan

A tan, whether natural or sunless, requires consistent care to maintain an even glow.

Moisturise Daily: Use nourishing ingredients such as shea butter and aloe vera.
Use Lukewarm Water: Hot water can strip natural oils and shorten tan duration.
Exfoliate Weekly: Gently buff away dead skin to maintain smooth, radiant colour.

Safer Alternatives: Sunless Tanning Products

Sunless tanning products provide a golden tone without UV exposure. These include sprays, mousses, and lotions that react with skin surface proteins to create a bronzed appearance [8].

Product Type	Benefit	Application Tip
Skin Tan Spray	Even, streak-free coverage	Exfoliate before use and apply with a mitt
Gradual Tan Lotion	Buildable colour and hydration	Apply daily until desired tone achieved
Tanning Mousse	Quick-drying natural glow	Blend evenly using circular motions

Table 2: Types of sunless tanning products and benefits

For the most natural finish, select cruelty-free products with hydrating ingredients such as vitamin E and aloe vera.

Debunking Myths: Tanning & Vitamin D

A common misconception is that tanning is necessary for vitamin D. Research shows this is untrue.

Skin stops vitamin D production after 15–20 minutes of UVB exposure [9].
UVA rays, responsible for tanning, do not produce vitamin D [9].
Sunscreen use does not significantly reduce vitamin D levels [10].
Supplements offer a safe, effective way to maintain adequate vitamin D [11].

Monderma: Personalised Skincare For Sun-Exposed Skin

Monderma provides prescription-strength formulations developed by UK-registered prescribers and dispensed by a GPhC-registered pharmacy. Treatments include ingredients such as niacinamide and azelaic acid to support skin recovery from photoageing and uneven pigmentation.

Each formula is tailored following an online consultation to restore balance, clarity, and long-term skin health.

Conclusion

While natural tanning always involves UV-induced damage, combining physical protection, broad-spectrum sunscreen, and sunless tanning offers a safer path to a golden glow.

For expert skincare advice and personalised protection plans, start a free consultation with Monderma to maintain radiant, healthy-looking skin without compromising safety.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

AIM at Melanoma Foundation. Outdoor tanning.
Cancer Research UK. How do sunbeds cause skin cancer?
DermNet NZ. Skin phototype (Fitzpatrick skin type).
NHS. Skin cancer (non-melanoma). 2023.
Skin Cancer Foundation. UV radiation & Your Skin.
Skin Cancer Foundation. Sunscreen.
Institute of Cancer Research. New clues to skin cancer development show sunscreen is not enough. 2013.
Skin Cancer Foundation. Sunless Tanning Explained.
Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013.
The Conversation. Sunscreen won’t stop you making vitamin D. 2024.
NHS. Vitamin D. 2024.

Ingredients

Azelaic Acid Benefits: How Effective Is It Really?

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 07/02/2025

The Science Behind Azelaic Acid

Azelaic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that penetrates the skin and blocks tyrosinase, an enzyme that triggers melanin production. This can help to fade dark spots and even skin tone.

In this article, we discuss findings including from a 2017 review that confirmed azelaic acid’s anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions, supporting its use for acne and rosacea [1].

Natural Sources Of Azelaic Acid

Azelaic acid occurs naturally in grains such as barley, wheat, and rye, and is also produced by a type of skin yeast known as Malassezia furfur [2].

Its natural origin appeals to individuals who prefer sustainable and well-tolerated skincare ingredients.

Azelaic Acid In Skincare Formulations

Due to its broad benefits, azelaic acid features in creams, gels, and foams for acne, rosacea, and pigmentation.

A 2003 study found that 15% azelaic acid gel was more effective than metronidazole for rosacea management [3]. Its versatility makes it valuable in dermatology and cosmetic formulations.

Benefit	How It Works	Evidence	Additional Notes
Reduces Acne	Targets acne-causing bacteria and inflammation	20% cream reduced acne lesions comparably to tretinoin after 6 months [4]	Works with benzoyl peroxide or AHA
Evens Skin Tone	Inhibits melanin production	Comparable to hydroquinone in some trials [5]	Brightens gradually and safely
Treats Rosacea	Reduces redness and lesion count	15% gel with doxycycline reduced lesions by ~50% [13]	Outperformed placebo [6]
Gentle On Skin	Mild on sensitive skin	Minimal, transient irritation with 15% foam [7]	Suitable for most skin types

Table 1: Azelaic acid’s main skincare benefits and evidence

How To Use Azelaic Acid

Introducing azelaic acid gradually allows the skin to adapt. It is available in multiple formulations to suit individual skin types.

Azelaic Acid Forms: Creams, Gels & Foams

Creams: Hydrate dry skin while delivering active ingredients.
Gels: Lightweight, ideal for oily or combination skin.
Foams: Absorb easily with excellent tolerability.

A 2018 study showed 15% azelaic acid foam improved acne in 84% of patients after 16 weeks [7].

Adding Azelaic Acid Into Your Routine

Start with 10% strength once daily, ideally at night
After one month, increase to twice daily if tolerated
Follow with a moisturiser to prevent dryness

Consistency is essential for visible results.

Combining Azelaic Acid With Other Ingredients

Azelaic acid pairs well with several actives to address multiple concerns simultaneously.

Ingredient	Benefit	Usage Tip
Niacinamide	Reduces inflammation and evens tone	Safe to use together or alternate days [11]
Retinol	Improves texture and acne	Use azelaic acid in the morning, retinol at night [12]
Vitamin C	Brightens and fades dark spots	Apply vitamin C in the morning, azelaic acid at night [13]

Table 2: Synergistic skincare combinations with azelaic acid

Azelaic Acid For Different Skin Concerns

Azelaic acid offers multi-targeted benefits across acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation.

Skin Concern	Key Action	Evidence	Timeframe
Acne	Clears bacteria and unclogs pores	20% cream matched tretinoin efficacy [4]	4–8 weeks
Rosacea	Calms redness and inflammation	15% gel reduced lesion count by ~50% [13]	8–12 weeks
Hyperpigmentation	Inhibits melanin production	20% cream improved melasma after 15 weeks [12]	Several months

Table 3: Clinical outcomes for different skin concerns

Azelaic Acid Side Effects

Azelaic acid is generally well-tolerated, though mild reactions can occur during early use.

Tingling or burning: Temporary, improves with continued use. Apply every other night until tolerance builds.
Dryness or peeling: Use a gentle cleanser and hydrating moisturiser.
Irritation: Rare; reduce frequency or seek professional guidance if persistent.

Monderma’s Custom Formula With Azelaic Acid

Monderma offers prescription-strength formulations created by UK-registered prescribers and dispensed by a GPhC-registered pharmacy. Each treatment is personalised following clinical assessment.

Ingredient	Strength	Description	Skin Benefit
Azelaic Acid	3–20%	Naturally derived dicarboxylic acid	Reduces melanin and inflammation
Adapalene	0.1–0.3%	Vitamin A derivative	Promotes cell renewal and unclogs pores
Niacinamide	2–4%	Vitamin B3 derivative	Supports barrier and tone balance
Tretinoin	0.01–0.1%	Prescription retinoid	Increases turnover and smooths texture

Table 4: Key ingredients in Monderma’s custom formulas

Conclusion

Azelaic acid is a clinically proven, gentle yet effective treatment for acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation. Its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and pigment-balancing properties make it suitable for everyday use, even on sensitive skin.

You can complete a free online consultation reviewed by a GPhC-registered prescriber to see if a prescription-strength formula containing azelaic acid is right for your skin.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

Del Rosso J.Q. Azelaic Acid Topical Formulations: Differentiation of 15% Gel and 15% Foam. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(3):37–40.
Rangasamy D., Sebastian S.R. Bioprospecting Yeast Malassezia furfur: A Source of Azelaic Acid. J Drug Alcohol Res. 2023;12(10):105121.
Elewski B.E. et al. Comparison of 15% Azelaic Acid Gel and 0.75% Metronidazole Gel in Papulopustular Rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139(11):1444–1450.
Katsambas A. et al. 20% Azelaic Acid Cream in Acne Vulgaris vs. Tretinoin. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl. 1989;143:35–39.
Bergman D., Luke J. Azelaic Acid. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(5):475–480.
Liu R.H. et al. Azelaic Acid in Rosacea: Systematic Review of RCTs. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(8):1047–1052.
Hashim P.W. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Azelaic Acid 15% Foam in Acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(6):641–645.
Hoffman L.K. et al. Azelaic Acid 15% Foam for Truncal Acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(6):534–538.
Thach T.T. et al. Azelaic Acid Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Front Physiol. 2020;11:329.
Sauer N. et al. Multiple Uses of Azelaic Acid in Dermatology. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2024;40(6):716–724.
Feng X. et al. Azelaic Acid: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:11512533.
Mazurek K. et al. Dermocosmetics Containing Azelaic Acid for Melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016;15(4):393–399.
Draelos Z.D. Azelaic Acid Foam 15% in Rosacea. Cutis. 2013;92:306–310.

Treatments

Psoriasis Risk Factors Including Belly Fat Impact

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 06/02/2025

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting millions worldwide, characterised by red, scaly patches that impact comfort and confidence. A 2025 study from King’s College London and ScienceDaily identified a key connection: central body fat, particularly around the abdomen, may increase psoriasis risk, with a stronger effect seen in women [1,3,4].

This article highlights how fat distribution, not just total body weight, can influence inflammatory skin disorders. Understanding this link helps shape new approaches combining lifestyle, inflammation management, and skincare for long-term control.

Key Findings On Psoriasis & Belly Fat

Finding	Details
Central Fat Priority	Abdominal fat shows a stronger connection to psoriasis risk than total body fat [4].
Gender Disparity	Women with higher abdominal fat face a greater psoriasis risk than men [4].
Inflammation Trigger	Excess belly fat increases systemic inflammation, worsening inflammatory skin conditions [4].

Table 1: Central fat plays a key role in psoriasis risk, especially among women

“Where fat is stored in the body matters when it comes to psoriasis risk. Central fat, especially around the waist, seems to play a key role.”
— Ramessur et al., Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2025)

Mechanisms Linking Belly Fat To Skin Health

Abdominal or visceral fat is metabolically active and releases inflammatory cytokines that disrupt immune balance and weaken the skin barrier [2].

This process can:

Disturb immune regulation, leading to flare-ups
Reduce skin resilience, causing irritation and dryness
Amplify chronic inflammation, worsening psoriasis symptoms

Researchers found that women were more affected, likely due to hormonal and metabolic factors influencing fat storage and inflammation [1].

Implications For Skincare & Health

Managing abdominal fat may help reduce psoriasis risk and support healthier skin.

Action	Description
Balanced Diet	Focus on anti-inflammatory foods rich in omega-3s, antioxidants, and fibre to reduce visceral fat.
Regular Exercise	Include cardiovascular and core-strengthening activity to reduce inflammation.
Dermatological Care	Combine lifestyle adjustments with treatments such as topical corticosteroids or phototherapy.
Inflammation Monitoring	Track inflammatory markers with healthcare professionals for better management.

Table 2: Holistic approaches reduce inflammation and improve skin resilience

Reducing central fat improves systemic inflammation, lowers psoriasis severity, and supports clearer, calmer skin [4].

Monderma’s Role In Psoriasis Skincare

Monderma provides personalised prescription skincare to support individuals with inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis.
Using ingredients like niacinamide and azelaic acid, formulations help soothe redness, strengthen the barrier, and smooth texture.

Each treatment is created by GPhC-registered professionals and designed to complement medical or lifestyle approaches.
All Monderma formulas are fragrance-free and suitable for sensitive or inflamed skin.

Who Benefits From This Research

This study provides valuable insights for:

Women with central obesity at higher psoriasis risk
Individuals seeking lifestyle-based prevention strategies
Dermatologists and nutritionists designing anti-inflammatory care plans
People with a family history of psoriasis or metabolic conditions

Recognising how belly fat drives skin inflammation empowers patients and professionals to take a more holistic approach to psoriasis management.

Future Directions For Psoriasis Management

The link between abdominal fat and psoriasis opens new opportunities for prevention and treatment.

Emerging strategies may include:

Weight management programmes targeted for psoriasis patients
Skincare focused on reducing inflammation in at-risk individuals
Gender-specific interventions addressing fat distribution and hormonal factors

Integrating dermatology, nutrition, and personalised skincare could significantly improve long-term psoriasis outcomes [4].

Actionable Steps For Healthier Skin

Measure waist circumference and discuss results with your clinician
Maintain a balanced, anti-inflammatory diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3s
Engage in regular physical activity to manage inflammation and weight
Use niacinamide or ceramide-based skincare to strengthen the barrier
Follow trusted research sources such as ScienceDaily for updates

Sharing this knowledge encourages proactive, informed approaches to managing psoriasis risk.

Conclusion

The 2025 findings from King’s College London confirm that abdominal fat and systemic inflammation significantly contribute to psoriasis risk, particularly in women. By addressing central fat through nutrition, exercise, and professional skincare, individuals can help reduce flare-ups and promote long-term skin health.

Monderma supports this holistic approach with evidence-based, prescription skincare aligned with professional care. Take control of your skin health through a personalised Monderma consultation and share this article to raise awareness about the connection between body composition and skin inflammation.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

ScienceDaily. Abdominal fat linked to increased psoriasis risk, particularly in women. 27 May 2025.
Kolb H, Kempf K. Obese visceral fat tissue inflammation: from protective to detrimental. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(1):105.
King’s College London. Study finds central body fat more strongly linked to psoriasis risk. 27 May 2025.
Ramessur R, et al. Investigating the Genetic Basis of the Influence of Adiposity on Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2025.

Miscellaneous

Understanding The Benefits Of UV Light On Health

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 05/02/2025

UV light, a form of non-ionising electromagnetic radiation, plays a crucial role in human health. Emitted by the sun and artificial sources such as UV lamps and LEDs, it exists beyond visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum. While excessive exposure can cause harm, controlled use of UV light contributes to physical and mental well-being.

This article explores the science behind UV light, its types, and the key benefits it provides when used responsibly.

Types Of UV Light & Their Effects

Type	Wavelength Range	Properties and Effects
UVA	320–400 nm	Long-wave UV forming about 95% of UV radiation reaching Earth. Penetrates deep into the skin, affecting collagen and contributing to ageing.
UVB	290–320 nm	Medium-wave UV responsible for vitamin D synthesis and sunburn. Vital for bone and immune health.
UVC	<290 nm	Short-wave UV absorbed by the ozone layer. Artificially produced for germicidal use in sterilisation.

Table 1: Each UV type has distinct wavelengths and biological effects

UVA affects deeper layers of skin, UVB supports vitamin D production, and UVC is primarily used for sterilisation in controlled environments.

Sources Of UV Light

Sunlight

The main natural source, sunlight contains both UVA and UVB rays that influence mood, vitamin D levels, and skin function. Controlled exposure supports health, but prolonged exposure without protection can cause damage.

Artificial UV Sources

UV Ray Light Bulbs: Used in tanning, plant growth, and phototherapy.
UV LED Lights: Energy-efficient, eco-friendly, and effective for sterilising air and water.
UV Lamps: Emit UVC light for germicidal use in hospitals and laboratories.

Short daily exposure to UVB-rich light supports wellness, but overexposure must be avoided.

Health Benefits Of UV Light

When used safely, UV light supports several essential health and wellness processes.

Vitamin D Production

UVB converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into vitamin D3, vital for bone, immune, and muscle health. NICE guidance suggests 10–30 minutes of midday sun several times weekly supports vitamin D levels, though this varies by skin tone and season [2]. Deficiency remains common in the UK, especially during winter.

Mood Enhancement & WellBeing

Sunlight exposure increases serotonin, which improves mood and focus. Bright light therapy, which mimics natural UV light, reduces symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder in up to 80% of patients [3]. UV exposure also helps regulate circadian rhythm, improving sleep quality.

Libido & Energy

Sunlight boosts testosterone and oestrogen, supporting energy and well-being. Controlled studies, however, show variable results regarding vitamin D supplementation and hormone levels [4].

Skin Therapy

UVB light is widely used in dermatology for psoriasis and vitiligo. Narrowband UVB phototherapy improves psoriasis in up to 70% of patients [5]. It reduces inflammation and restores pigment in vitiligo, aiding repigmentation.

Monderma’s prescription skincare complements phototherapy by addressing acne, rosacea, and pigmentation for balanced results.

Immune System Support

Moderate UV exposure increases antimicrobial peptides in skin cells [6]. These peptides strengthen the skin’s defence against bacteria while vitamin D regulates immune response.

Disinfection & Sterilisation

UVC destroys microbes by damaging their DNA. It is used in hospitals, laboratories, and air purification systems, reducing infection rates and controlling multidrug-resistant organisms [7].

Benefit	Mechanism	Effect
Vitamin D Production	UVB converts skin precursors into vitamin D3	Strengthens bones and immunity
Mood Enhancement	UVA and UVB increase serotonin and regulate sleep	Reduces SAD symptoms and stress
Libido & Energy	UV influences hormone activity	Improves vitality and mood
Skin Therapy	UVB suppresses inflammation and stimulates pigment	Treats psoriasis and vitiligo
Immune Support	UVB boosts antimicrobial peptides	Lowers infection risk
Disinfection	UVC destroys microbial DNA	Sterilises air, surfaces, and water

Table 2: Controlled UV exposure promotes diverse health benefits

Potential Risks Of UV Light

Excessive UV exposure damages the skin and eyes. UVA penetrates deeply, accelerating collagen breakdown and premature ageing. UVB causes sunburn and increases long-term skin cancer risk. UVC, though germicidal, can harm tissue if handled unsafely.

Using UV Light Safely

Limit Exposure

Avoid direct sunlight between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. and apply SPF 30 or higher daily.

Use Protective Gear

Wear UV-protective sunglasses and cover exposed skin during extended outdoor activity.

Manage Timing

Short, consistent exposure in the morning or afternoon delivers benefits with lower risk.

Professional Supervision

For treatments such as phototherapy, always follow a dermatologist’s guidance to ensure safe dosage and technique.

Safety Tip	Purpose
Use SPF 30+	Prevents UV damage
Wear UV-protective eyewear	Shields eyes from radiation
Short exposure sessions	Balances benefits and safety
Consult a professional	Ensures correct dosage and care

Table 3: Safe UV habits reduce harm while maintaining benefits

Choosing The Right UV Light Source

Purpose	Recommended Source	Application
Vitamin D Support	Natural sunlight	Short, regular exposure
Disinfection	UVC lamps or LEDs	Hospitals, homes, and laboratories
Phototherapy	UVB lamps	Medical treatment for skin disorders

Table 4: Each UV source serves specific health and safety needs

Monderma’s Role In Skincare

Monderma complements the benefits of responsible UV exposure with prescription skincare designed for acne, ageing, and pigmentation.

Formulas are individually prepared by GPhC-registered professionals using active ingredients such as tretinoin, azelaic acid, niacinamide, and adapalene to improve texture, tone, and clarity.

Conclusion

UV light, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC, plays an important role in health when managed carefully. From vitamin D production and immune support to mood regulation and skin therapy, balanced exposure offers proven benefits. Safe, limited use and proper protection ensure these advantages are achieved without harm.

Explore Monderma’s personalised skincare consultation to complement your healthy light habits and support long-term skin health.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016.
NICE. Vitamin D: Supplement use in specific population groups. PH56. 2014.
Lam RW et al. Efficacy of bright light treatment for depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016.
Lerchbaum E et al. Vitamin D and testosterone in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017.
Menter A et al. Guidelines of care for psoriasis phototherapy. JAAD. 2010.
Gläser R et al. UVB radiation induces antimicrobial peptides. J Invest Dermatol. 2009.
Anderson DJ et al. Enhanced terminal room disinfection study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017.

Ingredients

Retinoid Vs Retinol: Key Differences & Daily Benefits

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 04/02/2025

The terms retinoid and retinol often appear in skincare discussions, especially for acne and signs of ageing. Both derive from vitamin A but differ in strength, conversion, and accessibility. Understanding these differences helps you choose the right option for your goals.

This article explains how retinoids and retinol work, compares their results, and helps you identify which is best for your skin type.

What Are Retinoids & Retinols

Retinoids: The Umbrella Term

Retinoids include all vitamin A derivatives that promote skin renewal and collagen production. They are effective for acne, fine lines, and pigmentation by accelerating cell turnover and unclogging pores [1,6].

NHS and NICE guidelines support prescription retinoids such as tretinoin for acne treatment, with noticeable lesion reduction after around 12 weeks [2,5]. Due to their potency, dryness or irritation can occur, so professional supervision is recommended.

Retinol: A Gentle Introduction

Retinol is a milder, over-the-counter form of vitamin A suitable for sensitive or dry skin. It gradually improves tone and texture by converting into retinoic acid within the skin, which activates more slowly but with less irritation.

Studies show consistent retinol use thickens the epidermis and brightens the complexion, improving clarity and resilience over time [3]. It is ideal for first-time users or those seeking steady, visible results.

Key Differences: Retinol Vs Retinoid

Retinoids and retinol share similar functions but differ in potency, activation, and how quickly results appear.

Feature	Retinoid	Retinol
Strength & Effectiveness	Highly potent; faster results; higher irritation risk	Milder; slower results; lower irritation risk
Availability	Prescription only; requires clinical oversight	Over-the-counter; widely accessible
Conversion Process	Directly active; no conversion needed	Converts to retinoic acid before acting
Ideal For	Acne, photoaging, pigmentation	Beginners, sensitive skin, mild ageing

Table 1: Retinoids act faster, while retinol offers gentler long-term improvements

Strength & Effectiveness

Prescription retinoids work faster because they act directly on the skin. A JAMA study found tretinoin visibly reduces fine lines and pigmentation within 3 to 6 months [4]. Retinol produces similar benefits more gradually with less irritation.

Conversion Process

Retinol converts into retinoic acid through two metabolic steps, lowering potency but improving tolerance [6]. This makes it suitable for gradual adaptation without overwhelming the skin barrier.

Granactive Retinoid Vs Retinol

Granactive Retinoid is a newer, stabilised retinoid complex designed to bridge the gap between strength and gentleness. It provides similar results to retinol with reduced risk of irritation. Clinical evidence suggests improved texture, tone, and comfort [7].

Type	Effectiveness	Tolerance	Notes
Retinoid	Fast-acting, high potency	Moderate irritation	Prescription strength for acne or ageing
Retinol	Moderate effectiveness	Excellent tolerance	Best for first-time users
Granactive Retinoid	Balanced results	Low irritation	Promising option for sensitive skin

Table 2: Granactive retinoid balances clinical efficacy and skin comfort

Choosing Skincare Products For Your Needs

The right vitamin A derivative depends on your goals, skin type, and tolerance.

For acne or pigmentation: Prescription retinoids such as tretinoin are most effective under supervision.
For sensitive or dry skin: Retinol or granactive retinoid are ideal starting points.
For preventative ageing: Mild, over-the-counter retinol supports long-term renewal.

How To Use Retinoids & Retinols

Proper application helps maximise benefits and minimise irritation.

Start slowly, applying once or twice weekly, increasing as tolerated
Use at night only, as retinoids increase UV sensitivity
Hydrate daily with a nourishing moisturiser
Always apply broad-spectrum SPF in the morning

Step	Purpose
Cleanse	Removes oil and dirt before application
Apply Retinoid/Retinol	Use a pea-sized amount at night
Moisturise	Hydrates and reduces dryness
Sunscreen (AM)	Protects from UV-induced sensitivity

Table 3: Consistent skincare routine improves tolerance and effectiveness

Potential Side Effects

Mild irritation, redness, or peeling may occur during early use [6]. These symptoms usually resolve as the skin adapts.

Side Effect	Frequency	Management Tip
Redness or Peeling	Common	Reduce frequency, use moisturiser
Dryness	Common	Apply hydrating serum or barrier cream
Sensitivity	Occasional	Use sunscreen and avoid exfoliants

Table 4: Most side effects are temporary and manageable with proper care

Consult a prescriber if irritation persists. Retinoids are not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Monderma’s Personalised Retinoid Skincare

Monderma provides prescription-strength skincare tailored to individual skin needs, using evidence-based ingredients such as tretinoin, adapalene, azelaic acid, and niacinamide.

These formulas are designed to target acne, fine lines, and pigmentation under the care of GPhC-registered professionals. Each treatment is adjusted for safety and efficacy, ensuring balanced, long-term results.

Conclusion

The main difference between retinoids and retinol lies in potency, speed, and tolerance. Retinoids deliver faster, prescription-level results for acne and ageing, while retinol offers a milder approach ideal for sensitive or beginner skin. Both play important roles in skin renewal and long-term radiance. Professional advice ensures the right balance between efficacy and comfort.

Explore your ideal vitamin A treatment through a free online Monderma consultation and discover how tailored prescription skincare can help you achieve clearer, brighter, and smoother skin.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

Kligman, A. M., Grove, G. L., Hirose, R., & Leyden, J. J. Topical tretinoin for photoaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986.
NHS. Acne – Treatment.
Kang, S., et al. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 1995.
Weiss, J. S., et al. Topical tretinoin improves photoaged skin. JAMA. 1988.
NICE. Acne vulgaris: Management. NG198. 2021.
Mukherjee, S., et al. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging. Clin Interv Aging. 2006.
The Ordinary. Granactive Retinoid 2% Emulsion.

Miscellaneous

Body Modification Around The World: Lip Plates & More

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 02/02/2025

Beauty appears in many forms around the world, shaped by culture, history, and values. Body modification, a deeply rooted global practice, reveals how societies express identity and beauty through physical form.

This article explores the symbolism and meaning behind global body modification and how it shapes beauty standards. It also connects traditional practices to modern self-expression, including how Monderma’s personalised skincare empowers individual confidence.

The Hourglass Figure & Corset Tops

In Western culture, the hourglass figure remains a timeless symbol of beauty. Corset tops, once restrictive garments, have evolved into icons of empowerment and style [1,2].

The History Of Corsetry

Originating in the 16th century, corsets were first used to support posture and shape the torso. By the Victorian era, they had become fashionable symbols of elegance and social standing [1,2].

Women often tight-laced to achieve dramatic silhouettes, reflecting how beauty ideals can drive self-expression through physical modification.

Modern Revival Of Corsets

Contemporary designers have reimagined corsets as empowering fashion statements. Today’s versions blend comfort with structure, celebrating body diversity while nodding to historical ideals [3].

Global Views On The Hourglass Figure

Across cultures, curves have long symbolised vitality and beauty. Ancient Greek statues like Venus de Milo represented rounded femininity, while African cultures often associate fuller figures with health and prosperity. The hourglass ideal continues to bridge tradition and modernity.

Africa: Scarification & The Bodi Tribe

Scarification among the Bodi tribe in Ethiopia remains an art form symbolising beauty, maturity, and belonging [4,5].

Meaning Of Scarification

The Bodi create raised skin patterns to mark personal milestones and social identity. Each design tells a story of strength, unity, and cultural pride [5].

Practice	Cultural Purpose
Scarification	Symbol of strength, identity, and belonging
Otjize (Himba)	Sunscreen and beauty enhancer
Rites of Passage	Mark maturity and community connection

Table 1: African practices intertwine function, beauty, and cultural pride

The Himba & Otjize

In northern Namibia, Himba women use otjize, a red ochre and butterfat paste, as skincare and sun protection [6,7]. Its vivid colour represents fertility and resilience. Scientific studies confirm its UV-blocking properties, combining aesthetics with functionality [6].

Evolution Of African Body Art

Although globalisation influences younger generations, many continue to uphold scarification and otjize use as cultural anchors, balancing heritage with modern self-expression [5].

Asia: Skin Whitening & Dental Modifications

Asian beauty ideals often merge ancient and contemporary influences. Skin whitening remains prominent, symbolising refinement and social status, while Japan’s yaeba trend celebrates imperfection [8,9,10].

Japan’s Yaeba Trend

Yaeba, meaning “double tooth,” celebrates natural asymmetry as youthful and charming. Cosmetic dentists in Japan even offer yaeba enhancements that intentionally create slightly uneven teeth [9,10].

Cultural Meaning Of Yaeba

While Western ideals prize alignment, yaeba highlights authenticity and individuality. It aligns with kawaii culture, valuing approachability over perfection [10].

Aspect	Western Ideal	Japanese Ideal
Dental Aesthetics	Straight and flawless	Crooked and natural
Symbolism	Maturity and control	Youthfulness and charm
Common Procedures	Whitening, alignment	Yaeba inlays

Table 2: Cultural contrasts reveal beauty as subjective and fluid

Central Asia: The Pamiri People & The Monobrow

Among the Pamiri people, the monobrow symbolises intelligence, wisdom, and inner strength [11].

Symbolism In Pamiri Culture

The monobrow appears in folklore as a mark of intellect and beauty. Studies show 80% of Pamiri women consider it integral to identity [11].

Modern Adaptation

Younger Pamiris combine tradition with modern trends, preserving the monobrow’s meaning while exploring new aesthetics. The global embrace of bold brows reflects this cultural continuity.

South America: Lip Plates & Nose Plugs

In parts of South America and East Africa, lip plates and nose plugs remain striking markers of identity and beauty expression.

Lip Plates Among The Mursi

Mursi women in Ethiopia gradually insert lip plates from adolescence, symbolising social maturity and readiness for marriage [12]. Larger plates often represent higher social status.

Nose Plugs In Amazonian Tribes

Among Amazonian tribes, nose plugs made of bone or wood mark rites of passage and adult transition [12].

Practice	Region	Cultural Meaning
Lip Plates	Ethiopia	Social status and identity
Nose Plugs	Amazon Basin	Maturity and readiness
Decorative Piercing	South America	Beauty and belonging

Table 3: Indigenous modifications highlight identity and transformation

The Pacific: Ta Moko & Māori Tattoo Traditions

In Māori culture, ta moko represents ancestry, courage, and social standing [13,14,15]. Each design tells a personal story of lineage and purpose.

The Art Of Ta Moko

Māori tattoo artists work collaboratively to ensure authenticity and respect. Unlike standard tattoos, ta moko designs are carved into the skin, symbolising depth and permanence [13,15].

Cultural Identity & Revitalisation

Ta moko connects Māori people to their ancestors and heritage. Many young Māori are reviving the tradition as a form of cultural pride and resistance against Western homogenisation [14,15].

Element	Meaning
Facial Ta Moko	Heritage and life milestones
Body Designs	Family lineage and courage
Modern Adaptation	Pride and reclamation of identity

Table 4: Māori tattoos blend art, memory, and ancestry

Monderma: Personalised Skincare & Modern Beauty

Global beauty traditions celebrate diversity and individuality. Monderma continues this ethos through personalised prescription skincare, created by GPhC-registered professionals.

Each treatment is designed to support skin health and confidence, using clinically proven ingredients such as tretinoin, azelaic acid, niacinamide, and clindamycin. Whether addressing acne, pigmentation, or ageing, every plan is created after clinical review and adjusted for long-term skin wellness.

Western Beauty Standards & Globalisation

Western ideals such as slim figures and clear skin often shape global perceptions through media influence [16]. Yet, traditional aesthetics continue to re-emerge as communities reclaim identity through heritage and artistry.

Resistance & Cultural Reclamation

Indigenous groups are reintroducing scarification, ta moko, and natural adornments to honour their roots [14,16]. These revivals celebrate cultural resilience alongside aesthetic value.

Media Representation & Inclusivity

Modern fashion and beauty campaigns increasingly showcase diverse representations, from Māori tattoos to African scarification [11,12]. This shift promotes appreciation over appropriation and fosters inclusivity in global beauty narratives.

Conclusion

Body modification reflects creativity, heritage, and individuality. From yaeba in Japan to scarification in Ethiopia, these practices celebrate the many faces of beauty worldwide. By understanding and respecting cultural traditions, we can foster appreciation and inclusivity while embracing our unique expressions.

Monderma supports individuality through evidence-based, personalised skincare. Begin your personalised consultation with Monderma’s clinical team and celebrate your beauty story with confidence.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

Steele, V. The Corset: A Cultural History. Yale University Press, 2001.
Kunzle, D. Fashion & Fetishism. The History Press, 2004.
Vogue. “How Fashion Reclaimed the Corset.” 2022.
Pitt Rivers Museum. Scarification. University of Oxford.
TalkAfricana. The Suri People & Scarification.
Havenga, D. et al. Fe₂O₃ UV-Blocking Nanocosmetics. Scientific Reports. 2022.
Gashee Wellness Blog. Red Ochre as Sunblock. 2025.
Japan Dental Association. Trends in Cosmetic Dentistry. 2023.
Kowner, R. Body Dissatisfaction in Japan. Psychology Monographs. 2004.
BBC. “Yaeba Dentistry: The Appeal of Pointy Teeth.” 2018.
Minority Rights Group International. Pamiris. 2025.
Turton, D. Lip-Plates & Tourism in Southern Ethiopia. Anthropology Today. 2004.
Te Awekotuku, N. Mau Moko: The World of Māori Tattoo. Penguin, 2007.
Nikora, L. W., Rua, M., Te Awekotuku, N. Moko in Contemporary New Zealand. J Community & Applied Social Psychology. 2007.
Te Ara. Ta Moko – Māori Tattooing. 2021.
Dittmar, H. Consumer Culture, Identity & Well-Being. Psychology Press, 2007.

Ingredients

Topical Clindamycin For Acne Explained

Post author By Oliver Belcher
Post date 01/02/2025

Clindamycin is an antibiotic used for bacterial infections including acne.

This guide explains what it is, how it works, who it suits, how to use it safely, and when to seek professional advice.

What Is Clindamycin

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that targets anaerobic bacteria. It treats skin, respiratory, dental, and bone infections, especially when penicillin is unsuitable. In skincare, topical clindamycin targets Cutibacterium acnes to reduce inflammation and support clearer skin [1,3].

Historical Background

Clindamycin was derived from lincomycin in 1966 and became a valuable option for resistant infections. By the 1970s it entered dermatology as a topical acne treatment. Ongoing use reflects consistent clinical utility [1].

How Clindamycin Works

Clindamycin binds to bacterial ribosomes to block protein synthesis. This prevents bacterial growth and allows the immune system to clear infection more efficiently. Its tissue penetration supports treatment of both surface and deeper infections [2].

Supporting The Immune System

By lowering bacterial load, clindamycin helps reduce inflammation and immune strain. This dual action benefits difficult infections such as osteomyelitis when clinically indicated [6].

Common Uses Of Clindamycin

Clindamycin may be prescribed for cellulitis, pneumonia, bone infections, and dental abscesses. In dermatology, topical clindamycin is used for acne where it targets C. acnes and helps calm inflamed lesions [1,3,6].

Clindamycin & Acne Treatment

Topical clindamycin reduces C. acnes and visible inflammation. Combination with benzoyl peroxide is commonly recommended to enhance antibacterial action and lower resistance risk. Studies show meaningful lesion reduction after 12 weeks of consistent use [3,7].

A double blind trial found topical clindamycin comparable to oral minocycline for improving acne severity with a favourable safety profile [4]. A prescriber can advise on suitability based on your skin and medical history.

Other Dermatological Uses

Topical clindamycin may help folliculitis and boils by reducing bacterial growth and swelling. Evidence for rosacea remains limited and is not conclusive at this time [6].

Key Benefits Of Clindamycin

Benefit	Description
Broad spectrum	Targets a range of relevant bacteria
Deep tissue reach	Penetrates skin, joints, and bone tissues
Resistance backup	Option when other antibiotics are unsuitable
Acne reduction	Lowers bacteria and inflammation in acne

Table 1: Summary of antibacterial coverage and acne related benefits

Using Clindamycin Safely

Correct use supports results and helps limit resistance development [9]. Formulation and route depend on indication. Oral capsules are used for systemic infections. Topical formulations are used for acne.

Intravenous use is reserved for severe infections in clinical settings [9]. For oral forms, swallow with a full glass of water to reduce throat irritation and complete the full prescribed course. Store as directed on the label [10].

Practical Tips

Cleanse and dry skin before applying topical clindamycin
Apply a thin layer to affected areas twice daily unless advised otherwise
Expect results within 6 to 12 weeks with consistent use [3,7]
Pair with benzoyl peroxide when recommended to reduce resistance risk
Avoid other topical antibiotics unless your prescriber agrees
Use non comedogenic moisturiser and daily sunscreen to support skin barrier

Clindamycin Side Effects

Most people tolerate clindamycin. Possible effects include mild nausea or diarrhoea. Topical use may cause temporary redness or dryness. A rare but serious risk is Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhoea, mainly with oral use.

Seek medical help for severe, persistent, or bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain, or signs of dehydration [11,13].

Side effect	Frequency	Management tip
Nausea or diarrhoea	Around 10 percent	Take with food if suitable
C. difficile infection	Around 1 to 2 percent	Urgent care if diarrhoea persists
Skin irritation	Less than 0.1 percent	Stop use and seek advice if rash develops

Table 2: Common reactions and when to seek help

Alternatives & Precautions

If allergy or adverse effects occur, alternatives may include doxycycline or metronidazole depending on the condition and clinical judgement [14]. People with gastrointestinal disease or liver issues should use clindamycin with medical supervision.

Share all medicines with your prescriber since interactions can occur, including with neuromuscular blockers [11]. Topical therapy generally carries lower systemic risk than oral therapy but still requires monitoring.

Long Term Use Insights

Extended antibiotic use may increase resistance risk and alter gut flora [5,13]. Overuse of topical clindamycin can promote resistant C. acnes strains [13]. Regular reviews, time limited courses, and combination strategies such as adding benzoyl peroxide can help maintain effectiveness.

Does Clindamycin Really Work

Evidence and clinical experience show clindamycin can be effective for acne and bacterial infections when used correctly. Outcomes depend on adherence, correct formulation, duration, and professional oversight. No treatment suits everyone. Your clinician will guide personalised choices.

Monderma’s Personalised Skincare Approach

Monderma offers prescription skincare for acne. Formulas may include clindamycin, tretinoin, or adapalene where clinically appropriate. A GPhC registered professional reviews your health information and may design a personalised plan to balance efficacy with safety.

Conclusion

Clindamycin is a well-established antibiotic that helps treat acne and other bacterial infections by limiting bacterial growth and calming inflammation.

For safe, effective use, explore Monderma’s free consultation to receive support on possible formulas and direction.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

Bibliography

American Chemical Society. Clindamycin. 2022.
Spížek J, Řezanka T. Lincosamides: Mechanism of Action & Applications. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017.
Gold MH et al. Clindamycin Phosphate 1.2% & Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% Review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012.
Sheehan-Dare RA, et al. Topical Clindamycin vs Oral Minocycline in Acne. Acta Derm Venereol. 1990.
Simpson NB. Antibiotics in Acne: Time for a Rethink. Br J Dermatol. 2001.
Brown NM et al. Treatment of MRSA Infections. JAC-AMR. 2021.
MedlinePlus. Clindamycin. Updated 2024.
Drugs.com. Clindamycin Patient Tips. 2023.
WebMD. Clindamycin (Cleocin) Overview. 2024.
AJMC. C. difficile Risk with Clindamycin & Antibiotics. 2023.
DrugBank Online. Clindamycin Interactions. 2021.
European Lessons on Antibiotic-Resistant Acne. Br J Dermatol. 2003.
Frontiers in Microbiology. Antibiotic Resistance in Cutibacterium acnes. 2025.
Murphy PB, Bistas KG, Patel P. Clindamycin. StatPearls. 2024.

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