Itchy, Flaky Skin? Xerosis Causes & Solutions

Xerosis is a prevalent condition that affects individuals across all age groups. Defined by inadequate hydration in the stratum corneum, xerosis can result in discomfort, itchiness, and visible dryness [1]. While often mild, untreated xerosis can lead to irritation and infection in severe cases.

In this article, we explore the causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies for xerosis, including clinical evidence supporting emollient and urea-based treatments. Xerosis is particularly common in older adults, with a 55.6% prevalence among elderly patients in primary care [2]. Underlying conditions such as hypothyroidism and atopic dermatitis further increase risk [2].

Symptoms Of Xerosis

Individuals with xerosis may experience various signs and symptoms:

Table 1: Common symptoms of xerosis

Symptom severity may vary depending on environmental and medical factors.

Causes Of Xerosis

To effectively manage xerosis, it is essential to identify the underlying causes:

Environmental factors: Low humidity, cold air, and frequent hot water exposure deplete skin moisture [1].
Lifestyle factors: Insufficient water intake and harsh cleansers can worsen dryness [1].
Medical conditions: Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and hypothyroidism are linked to chronic xerosis [2].

Prevention Strategies For Xerosis

According to NHS guidance, hydration and consistent emollient use are key to prevention [1]. Establishing a daily skincare routine supports the skin barrier and reduces recurrence.

Gentle cleansing: Use mild, fragrance-free cleansers to avoid stripping natural oils.
Regular moisturisation: Apply emollients immediately after bathing to trap moisture [4].
Barrier support: Ceramides play a critical role in repairing and reinforcing the skin barrier [3].
Environmental control: Humidifiers can maintain air moisture and prevent dryness.

Table 2: Prevention strategies for xerosis

Treatment Options For Xerosis

Over-The-Counter Remedies

Emollients are first-line treatments that soothe, smooth, and hydrate dry skin. Apply generously after bathing for best effect [1,4]. Clinical evidence supports topical urea (4–10%) as an effective treatment for xerosis and atopic dermatitis [5].

Prescription Treatments

For persistent or severe dryness, dermatologists may recommend:

• Topical corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation and relieve itching
• Calcineurin inhibitors: Steroid-free alternatives that control inflammation safely

Lifestyle Modifications

Dietary and behavioural adjustments support long-term results:

• Nutrition: Include omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants to promote skin resilience
• Avoid irritants: Choose fragrance-free personal care products and mild detergents

Conclusion

While xerosis is common, consistent hydration, emollient use, and barrier support are vital for maintaining soft, comfortable skin. Early recognition and prevention help reduce discomfort and complications associated with dryness.

Explore how Monderma’s personalised treatments may enhance your skincare routine through a free consultation, and consider sharing this article to help others manage dry, itchy skin.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. NHS Shropshire, Telford and Wrekin. Mild Dry Skin. 2022.
2. Paul C, Maumus-Robert S, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Xerosis in the Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study in Primary Care. Dermatology. 2011;223(3):260–265.
3. Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM. The Skin: An Indispensable Barrier. Exp Dermatol. 2008;17(12):1063–1072.
4. BSW Formulary, NHS. Emollient and Barrier Preparations.
5. Piquero-Casals J, Morgado-Carrasco D, Granger C, et al. Urea in Dermatology: A Review of Its Emollient, Moisturising, Keratolytic and Anti-Microbial Properties. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2021;14:647–658.