Keloid scars can feel tender, itchy, or tight. They may affect confidence, yet careful steps can improve comfort, softness, and the look of the skin.

In this article, we explain what keloids are, why they form, and which treatments help. You will see practical ways to care for skin and lower future risk.

What Are Keloid Scars?

Keloids are raised scars that grow past the injury edge, unlike hypertrophic scars that stay within the wound [1]. They may appear weeks to months later.

Common sites include the chest, shoulders, earlobes, and cheeks where skin tension is higher [1,10]. Keloids can itch or hurt, and feel firm or shiny [4].

How Do Keloids Form?

After injury, collagen repairs tissue. In keloids, collagen is overproduced, creating thick, raised scars with extra vessels that look red [2].

Collagen synthesis in keloids is markedly higher than in normal skin or hypertrophic scars, which explains the persistent growth pattern [11].

Causes & Triggers

Genetics raise risk. Family history, and African, Asian, or Hispanic heritage increase likelihood, so prevention matters more in these groups [3].

Skin injuries such as cuts, acne, burns, and bites can trigger keloids. Slow healing and secondary intention also increase risk [4].

Piercings and tattoos add controlled trauma. Earlobe keloids after piercing are common, so discuss risk before any procedure [3].

Key Causes & Risks

Cause	Summary
Genetic factors	Higher risk with family history, and in African, Asian, or Hispanic groups [3]
Skin injuries	Cuts, burns, acne, or surgery, worse with slow healing [4]
Piercings or tattoos	Common trigger, especially earlobes in predisposed people [3]

Table 1: Common causes & triggers

Management Options

Most plans combine methods. The goal is to flatten, soften, and calm symptoms while lowering recurrence risk over time [5].

Silicone gels and sheets hydrate the scar, regulate collagen, and can improve pliability and height with steady use over months [13].

Laser treatment such as pulsed dye can reduce redness and thickness. Results improve when combined with steroid injections [7].

Steroid injections like triamcinolone flatten keloids by reducing inflammation and collagen. Recurrence can still occur, and thinning may happen [6,12].

Surgical removal carries high recurrence if used alone. Pairing excision with adjuvant therapy lowers the chance of regrowth [9].

Pressure therapy with silicone dressings helps maintain flatness after treatment or surgery when used consistently over time [13].

Options & What To Expect

Management option	Summary
Silicone gels or sheets	Hydrate tissue, regulate collagen, flatten with months of use [13]
Laser therapy	Pulsed dye improves colour and height, best with steroids [7]
Steroid injections	Flatten scars, but recurrence and side effects can occur [6,12]
Surgical excision	Remove scar, high recurrence unless paired with adjuvants [9]
Pressure therapy	Silicone dressings help prevent recurrence with consistency [13]

Table 2: Management options & aims

Prevention & Home Care

Use high SPF daily on scars to limit darkening and visibility across skin tones [4]. Keep routines simple, and reapply during sun time.

Avoid elective trauma if you are prone to keloids. Choose skilled clinicians, and share your history before any procedure [4].

Good wound care matters. Keep wounds clean and moist. Silicone based products can guide flatter healing when used early [7,13].

When To Seek Help

If keloids grow, itch, or hurt, see a dermatologist. Early, tailored care improves comfort and outcomes across skin types [5,8].

Conclusion

Keloids can be managed with patience and a plan. Silicone care, steroids, lasers, surgery, and pressure dressings each play a role over time.

By integrating pharmacist led care with evidence based formulations, Monderma supports clear, calm routines alongside medical care. Begin your personalised skincare plan when ready.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. NHS. Keloid scars
2. American Academy of Dermatology. Keloid scars Causes
3. Vanderbilt. Genetic causes of keloids
4. British Association of Dermatologists. Keloid scars
5. Kim SW, Nakanishi J, Aoki M, et al. Management of keloid scars noninvasive and invasive interventions. Arch Plast Surg. 2021;48(1):45 to 54
6. Wong TS, Li JZ, Chen S, Chan JW, Gao W. The efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide in keloid treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(12):e1135
7. Stephanides S, Rai S, August PJ, Ferguson JE, Madan V. Pulsed dye laser alone or with intralesional corticosteroids for refractory keloids. Laser Ther. 2011;20(4):279 to 286
8. Northwestern Medicine. Pressure therapy
9. Gold MH, Rahman MS, Berman B, McGuire M. Assessing keloid recurrence after excision with adjuvant radiation. Scars Burns & Healing. 2020;6:2059513120963673
10. DermNet NZ. Keloid & hypertrophic scar
11. Clore JN, Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF. Types I and III collagen synthesis by keloid biopsies and fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979;586(2):384 to 390
12. Morelli Coppola M, Salzillo R, Segreto F, Persichetti P. Triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injection for keloid scars. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:387 to 396
13. Tsai YW, Chuang YH, Yu TH, Lin SH, Wang CI. Silicone gel sheeting and gel for prevention of hypertrophic scars & keloids. Wounds. 2017;29(6):154 to 159

Neck skin is thinner and drier than the face. It moves often, so lines form sooner. Gentle, consistent care can soften texture and maintain comfort.

In this article, we outline causes, prevention, and proven options. Simple habits, targeted topicals, and in clinic treatments can work together for steady results.

Causes Of Neck Wrinkles

Ageing lowers collagen and elastin. This reduces firmness and elasticity. From early adulthood, fine lines and laxity slowly become more visible [1].

Sun exposure accelerates collagen loss and can trigger pigment change. National guidance places sun protection at the centre of healthy skin habits [2].

Repeated screen gazing, smoking, and low antioxidant intake add stress. These factors deepen creasing and may limit nutrient delivery to the skin.

Prevention Strategies

Apply broad spectrum SPF 30 to the neck daily. Reapply when outdoors. Regular use limits UV induced free radicals and photoageing signs over time [2].

Hydrate inside and out. Moisturisers improve softness and barrier comfort. A colourful, antioxidant rich diet can support tone, elasticity, and resilience.

Lift screens to eye level to reduce folding. Gentle stretches and posture awareness help lower repeated creasing during work and reading.

Treatments For Neckline Wrinkles

A combined plan works best. Use topical care for daily gains. Add procedures for deeper change. Keep habits steady for lasting, natural looking results.

Topical Treatments

Retinoids such as tretinoin support collagen and increase turnover. Studies show wrinkle improvement after eight to twelve weeks in photoaged skin [3].

Hyaluronic acid attracts water to plump lines and improve comfort [4]. Peptides may support collagen synthesis, texture, and firmness in the neck area [5].

Professional Treatments

Chemical peels such as TCA stimulate renewal and collagen. Planned series under clinical guidance can improve tone and texture safely [6].

Microneedling creates controlled micro channels that drive collagen. Courses of four sessions show visible wrinkle reduction across studies [7].

Fractional CO2 lasers can tighten, reduce laxity, and refine lines on the neck with durable improvements under expert care [8].

Lifestyle Modifications

Regular exercise supports circulation to the skin. Seven to nine hours of sleep aids repair. Stress care helps limit cortisol related ageing signals [9].

Home Remedies For Neck Wrinkles

Coconut oil and aloe vera may hydrate. Egg whites may feel tightening. Evidence for lasting anti wrinkle effects is limited, so use alongside proven care.

Treatment Type	Summary
Topical treatments	Retinoids, hyaluronic acid, and peptides reduce lines by supporting collagen and hydration [1 to 5]
Professional treatments	Peels, microneedling, and lasers improve tone and elasticity with planned courses [6,7,8]
Lifestyle modifications	Exercise, sleep, and stress care support circulation and repair
Home remedies	Hydrate or briefly tighten, but lasting change lacks strong evidence

Table 1: Options for neckline wrinkles

Personalised Skincare With Monderma

Monderma offers prescription strength skincare that targets texture, tone, and resilience. Actives can include tretinoin, hyaluronic acid, and niacinamide.

GPhC registered prescribers tailor formulas to goals, routines, and sensitivities. This supports steady progress, safe use, and simple morning to night plans.

Conclusion & Next Steps

Daily protection and steady night care build visible gains. Planned procedures can deepen results while home routines keep comfort on track.

By integrating pharmacist led care with evidence based formulations, Monderma supports long term skin resilience. Begin your personalised skincare consultation for a plan that fits.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Reilly DM, Lozano MM. Skin collagen through the lifestages: importance for healthy ageing. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2021;11(1):e2021012
2. Lincolnshire NHS. Sun safety this Summer. Lincolnshire ICB. 2022
3. Sitohang IBS. Topical tretinoin for treating photoaging: a systematic review. Dermatology Reports. 2022
4. Oe M, Sakai S, Yoshida H, Okado N, Kaneda H, Masuda Y, Urushibata O. Oral hyaluronan relieves wrinkles: a double blinded, placebo controlled study over a twelve week period. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:267 to 273
5. Dierckx S, et al. Collagen peptides affect collagen synthesis and the skin’s collagen content. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024
6. Sitohang IBS, et al. Trichloroacetic Acid Peeling for Treating Photoaging. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2021;14(8):S12 to S17
7. Ablon G. Safety and effectiveness of an automated microneedling device in improving the signs of aging skin. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(8):29 to 34
8. Oram Y, et al. Neck rejuvenation with fractional CO2 laser: long term results. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2008
9. NHS Digital. Live Well. NHS Digital

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that leads to patchy hair loss. It affects people of all ages and ethnicities and can be emotionally challenging. Understanding its causes and treatment options is essential for managing this condition.

In this article, we explore the genetic, immune, and environmental factors behind alopecia areata, its symptoms, and available treatments to promote hair regrowth.

Causes Of Alopecia Areata

Genetic Factors

Alopecia areata has a significant genetic component, with a higher prevalence in those with a family history of autoimmune diseases. Ongoing research is uncovering more hereditary aspects of the condition [2,5].

Immune System Involvement

Alopecia areata occurs when the immune system attacks hair follicles. T-lymphocytes and cytokines disrupt the hair growth cycle, and understanding these immune pathways has led to emerging therapies like JAK inhibitors [3,6].

Environmental Triggers

Stress and viral infections can trigger or exacerbate alopecia areata. While lifestyle factors help manage symptoms, the evidence for specific environmental triggers is still limited [2,3,4].

Symptoms Of Alopecia Areata

The main symptom is sudden, round or oval patches of hair loss, commonly on the scalp. It can also affect the beard, eyebrows, and eyelashes. In severe cases, complete baldness or body-wide hair loss may occur. Nail pitting and changes in texture often accompany hair loss [2,3,7].

Diagnosis Of Alopecia Areata

Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, with scalp biopsies or blood tests sometimes used to rule out other conditions. Early diagnosis helps ensure effective treatment and better outcomes [3].

Treatment Options For Alopecia Areata

There is no cure for alopecia areata, but several treatments can promote hair regrowth. These include topical corticosteroids, immunotherapy, minoxidil, and emerging options such as JAK inhibitors. While JAK inhibitors show promise, long-term safety remains uncertain [6].

Treatment Options Overview

Treatment	Description & Use	Benefits	Key Considerations
Topical corticosteroids	Potent steroids for patchy AA	Speeds recovery in patchy AA	Not effective for extensive AA, folliculitis [3]
Intralesional steroids	Injection into affected patches	Local regrowth	Multiple injections, skin atrophy [3]
Systemic corticosteroids	Oral/IV for severe AA	Rapid regrowth in some cases	Relapse common, side effects [3]
Topical immunotherapy	DPCP/SADBE for resistant AA	Moderate regrowth	20–30% success rate, dermatitis [3]
Minoxidil	Topical adjunct	Limited benefit	Not first-line, evidence limited [3]
JAK inhibitors	Immune pathway therapy	Some regrowth in trials	Research phase, safety unproven [5,6,7]

Table 1: Key Treatment Options for Alopecia Areata

Living With Alopecia Areata

Remission is possible in up to half of cases, especially with limited patchy scalp loss. However, relapses are common. Long-term monitoring and psychological support are essential for quality of life [1,3,4].

Prevalence & Burden Of Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata affects around 2% of the global population. The condition is linked to higher rates of depression and anxiety, making psychosocial support crucial for managing its impact [1,4].

Conclusion

Alopecia areata remains a challenging autoimmune disease, but modern treatments address immune mechanisms and provide hope for regrowth. Psychological support is vital for coping with the emotional impact, and ongoing research and patient education are essential for improving outcomes.

Explore how Monderma’s personalised treatments may support your overall skincare needs through our free online consultation.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Harries M, Macbeth AE, Holmes S, et al. The epidemiology of alopecia areata: a population-based cohort study in UK primary care. Br J Dermatol. 2022;186(2):257-265.
2. Alopecia areata – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Best Practice. Updated September 22, 2022.
3. Pratt CH, King LE Jr, Messenger AG, Christiano AM, Sundberg JP. Alopecia areata. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Mar 16;3:17011.
4. Eicken K, Ruge IF, Lindeblom A, Halling A, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP. Patient characteristics and disease burden of alopecia areata in the Danish Skin Cohort. BMJ Open 2022;12:e053137.
5. Familial patterns of alopecia areata: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatol Sci. 2023;112(3):215-222.
6. Janus Kinase Inhibitors for Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e236264.
7. Baricitinib for treating severe alopecia areata. NICE. 2023.

Pruritus is a common sensation that can feel distracting or intrusive, and it often becomes more noticeable as skin becomes drier or more reactive with age.

In this article, we explore what causes pruritus, how symptoms vary, and when it is important to seek medical support for safe and effective care.

Understanding Pruritus

Pruritus is a symptom rather than a condition, and it reflects activity within the nerves, skin, and immune system that creates the urge to scratch [1,2].

It can be acute or chronic, limited or widespread, and severity depends on factors such as age, skin health, and underlying medical issues [2].

Prevalence & Risk Groups

Pruritus affects people worldwide, with higher rates seen in older adults, women, and individuals who already live with skin disease [2].

Widespread or long lasting itch may indicate an underlying cause, some of which relate to dermatological, environmental, or systemic factors [1,3].

Group	Prevalence insight
Older adults	Higher overall rates [2]
Women	Increased prevalence [2]
Skin disease	More frequent itch [2]

Table 1: Groups with higher pruritus rates

Dermatological & Environmental Causes

Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis often cause inflammation that leads to recurrent itching episodes [2,5].

Dry skin is another common cause, especially in cooler months or low humidity environments, and may worsen with soaps or hot water [1].

Systemic & Medication Related Factors

Pruritus can sometimes signal systemic conditions, including thyroid disorders, liver disease, or chronic kidney disease, each requiring medical assessment [4].

Certain medicines may also trigger itch, and symptoms may appear gradually with ongoing use rather than immediately after starting treatment.

Infections & Other External Triggers

Fungal infections, insect bites, or infestations such as scabies can cause intense, persistent itch that often requires targeted treatment [2].

Environmental irritants, fragrances, and some detergents may also exacerbate symptoms, particularly for people with reactive or sensitive skin.

Approaches To Itch Relief

Moisturising the skin regularly supports comfort and reduces dryness, which helps ease itch sensations in many cases [1].

Cool compresses, gentle cleansing, and avoiding irritating products may offer additional relief while supporting the skin barrier.

General Measures & Symptom Care

Antihistamines may help with allergic triggers, while topical steroids can support short term management of inflamed skin under supervision [5].

Lukewarm showers and mild cleansers help maintain surface hydration, limiting the itch scratch cycle that can worsen discomfort.

Method	Description
Emollients	Help retain moisture
Antihistamines	Useful for allergies
Cool compresses	Provide short term relief
Mild cleansers	Reduce further irritation

Table 2: Common approaches for symptom care

When To Seek Medical Support

Persistent or severe itching should be reviewed, particularly when symptoms do not improve with moisturisers or avoidance of known triggers [1].

Accompanying signs such as weight loss, fatigue, or jaundice may indicate systemic causes and require prompt clinical evaluation.

Diagnostic Steps & Assessment

Healthcare providers may use history, examination, blood tests, or occasionally a skin biopsy to determine the underlying cause [1,2].

Understanding the source of pruritus helps guide treatment, especially where chronic itch affects sleep, comfort, or emotional wellbeing.

Treatment Approaches

Treatment varies according to the cause and may involve dermatological therapies, systemic management, or symptom focused care [2,4].

When no clear cause is identified initially, supportive treatments such as emollients and soothing creams help maintain comfort over time.

Monderma Support For Skin Concerns

Monderma provides personalised prescription skincare for acne, ageing skin, hyperpigmentation, and rosacea, offering targeted support for clarity and comfort.

These treatments are designed to fit individual needs and provide structured guidance that complements overall skin health and wellbeing.

Conclusion

Pruritus can arise from many causes, and understanding when to seek help supports safer, more effective management of persistent or unexplained itch.

Readers looking for tailored guidance can access support through our personal skincare consultation, offering individualised care for long term skin health.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Ständer S, et al. Prevalence Of Chronic Pruritus In Germany
2. Yosipovitch G, et al. International Study On Prevalence Of Itch
3. Chen S, et al. Risk Factors Of Senile Pruritus
4. Kim D, Pollock C. CKD Associated Pruritus
5. Pereira MP, et al. Psychological Morbidity In Psoriasis

Keratosis pilaris is a common and harmless condition that causes rough patches and tiny bumps, often creating texture changes that many notice on their arms or thighs.

In this article, we explore what keratosis pilaris is, why it develops, and how evidence based approaches may improve comfort and skin feel over time.

What Is Keratosis Pilaris

Keratosis pilaris appears as small bumps caused by keratin plugs within hair follicles, and these bumps can resemble persistent goosebumps across different body areas [1].

The skin may feel dry or rough, and the condition commonly appears on the upper arms, cheeks, thighs, or buttocks, with symptoms varying between individuals [1].

Causes & Contributing Factors

Keratosis pilaris develops when excess keratin blocks follicles, and research highlights the strong influence of genetics in many cases [3].

Dryness, seasonal shifts, and associated conditions can also influence symptoms, especially where the skin barrier is more reactive or less hydrated [1,2].

Factor	Description
Genetics	Often runs in families [3]
Dry skin	Symptoms worsen with low moisture [1]
Seasonal change	Winter dryness may increase bumps [2]
Hormones	Puberty or pregnancy may influence skin [2]
Associations	Linked with atopic conditions [3]

Table 1: Factors related to keratosis pilaris

Diagnosing The Condition

Diagnosis is usually made through a simple clinical assessment, since the pattern and texture of keratosis pilaris are recognisable in most cases [1].

Dermoscopy may show follicular plugs, and a biopsy is only required when other follicular conditions need to be ruled out [4].

Treatment Options & Skin Comfort

There is no cure, but keratosis pilaris can improve with consistent care, focusing on exfoliation, hydration, and gentle support for the skin barrier [5].

Mild approaches often work well, and progress is gradual, with smoother texture developing over several weeks of regular use [3,5].

Exfoliation & Smoother Texture

Chemical exfoliants such as lactic acid or salicylic acid help lift keratin and reduce bumpiness, supporting clearer follicle openings [5].

These ingredients should be used gently, since over exfoliation may irritate the skin and reduce overall comfort, especially in sensitive areas [5].

Hydration & Daily Moisturising

Hydrating creams with urea or lactic acid soften rough patches, and evidence shows noticeable improvements in hydration with regular application [6].

Daily moisturising helps reduce dryness, and mild body washes may prevent further irritation caused by harsher cleansing products [3].

Glycolic Acid & Follicle Care

Glycolic acid supports exfoliation by loosening dead skin cells, and over the counter strengths commonly range from 5 to 12 percent [7].

Higher concentrations have shown short term improvements, although ongoing use of lower strengths is often more suitable for routine comfort [5].

Prescription Approaches & Medical Care

Topical retinoids, including tretinoin and adapalene, may reduce follicular buildup, though they must be used carefully to avoid irritation [7].

Short courses of topical steroids may reduce redness but are not recommended for long term use because of barrier effects [3].

Laser Options & Redness Management

Some patients notice improvement in redness or texture after laser treatments, although long term evidence remains limited [8].

Laser therapy is usually reserved for specific cases and is not routinely recommended where simpler measures offer adequate relief [3].

Lifestyle Choices & Daily Support

Gentle changes may complement treatment, including avoiding long hot showers and choosing soft clothing to reduce friction [1,2].

Maintaining consistent moisture and reducing irritation help support the skin barrier and may reduce seasonal flare ups.

Approach	Benefit
Humidifier use	Helps maintain moisture [1]
Lukewarm showers	Supports barrier oils [3]
Gentle cleansers	Reduces surface irritation [3]
Loose clothing	Limits friction on bumps [2]

Table 2: Home care considerations

When To Seek Professional Advice

A consultation may help when bumps are persistent, uncomfortable, or difficult to distinguish from other follicular conditions [1].

A clinician can confirm the diagnosis and suggest targeted topical options, including retinoids, when keratosis pilaris is more resistant to care [1].

Monderma Support For Skin Concerns

Monderma provides personalised prescription skincare for acne, ageing skin, hyperpigmentation, and rosacea, supporting smoother and calmer skin with active ingredients such as tretinoin and azelaic acid.

These treatments complement general texture care by improving clarity, moisture balance, and long term resilience across changing skin needs.

Conclusion

Keratosis pilaris is harmless but often noticeable, and understanding its causes helps guide gentle and supportive approaches that improve the feel of the skin.

Readers seeking tailored guidance can explore options through our supportive skincare consultation, offering personalised care that adapts to long term skin needs.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Pennycook KB, McCready TA. Keratosis Pilaris
2. Kodali N, Patel VM, Schwartz RA. Keratosis Pilaris Update
3. British Skin Foundation. Keratosis Pilaris
4. Thomas M, Khopkar US. Keratosis Pilaris Revisited
5. Ly S, Haidari W, Feldman SR. Treatment Of Keratosis Pilaris
6. McCormick E, Nussbaum D, Friedman A, et al. Urea Cream Evaluation
7. Wang JF, Orlow SJ. Keratosis Pilaris Subtypes
8. Kechichian E, Jabbour S, El Hachem L, et al. Laser Approaches For Keratosis Pilaris

Lichen planus is an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and mucous surfaces, and many notice changes in comfort and appearance as symptoms develop [1,2,3].

In this article, we explore how lichen planus presents, how it is diagnosed, and which management strategies help support long term comfort.

Understanding Lichen Planus

Lichen planus is considered an autoimmune condition where immune activity targets skin and mucous membranes, creating persistent inflammation [1,2,3].

Rates vary worldwide, and oral lichen planus is more common in women over forty, often causing daily sensitivity in the mouth [1,3].

Skin Features & Variants

Cutaneous lichen planus appears as flat topped purple bumps on the skin, often with itching, and these can become darker in skin of colour [1,3].

Oral forms show lacy white patterns or sore areas that become sensitive to spicy or acidic foods and can affect comfort throughout the day [1,3].

Lichen Planus Vs Lichen Sclerosus

Condition	Description
Lichen planus	Purple bumps or lacy oral patches
Lichen sclerosus	Thin white skin on genital areas

Table 1: Distinguishing chronic inflammatory conditions

Diagnosis & Assessment

Diagnosis begins with clinical examination to assess the pattern of symptoms, and biopsy can confirm characteristic lymphocyte patterns beneath the skin [2,3].

Oral forms may require close review, especially when discomfort affects eating, speaking, or daily routines [1,3].

Oral Lichen Planus

Oral lichen planus often affects the inner cheeks and gums, where lacy white lines or sore erosive areas may appear [1,3].

The erosive form is more painful and carries a low but recognised risk of long term changes in persistent sites [1,3].

Oral Lichen Planus Features

Aspect	Description
Reticular form	Lacy white patterns on mucosa
Erosive form	Painful broken areas or ulcers
Risks	Low risk of surface changes

Table 2: Oral lichen planus presentations

Management Strategies

Management focuses on reducing inflammation, maintaining comfort, and limiting flare ups, as there is currently no definitive cure [2,3].

Supportive habits such as avoiding irritants or reducing stress may also help limit symptom severity [1,3].

Topical Corticosteroids

Topical corticosteroids are first line therapy and help reduce inflammation and surface discomfort in both skin and oral forms [2,3].

Stronger preparations may be used for short periods, while milder forms offer support for ongoing symptoms [1,3].

Systemic Therapies

Systemic steroids, retinoids, or immunosuppressants may be considered for severe or widespread symptoms, often when topical treatments have limited effect [2,3].

These options require medical supervision because of potential side effects during longer use [2,3].

Phototherapy

Narrowband UVB can help reduce inflammation in skin based lichen planus, especially when symptoms are widespread or persistent [2,3].

This approach is not used for oral forms, which require topical therapies instead [1,3].

Lifestyle Support

Dietary adjustments, gentle oral care, and stress reduction may support comfort, especially for oral symptoms triggered by acidic or spicy foods [1,3].

Good oral hygiene and regular dental review may also ease daily sensitivity.

Lifestyle Approaches

Approach	Description
Oral hygiene	Helps reduce irritation
Dietary changes	Avoid acidic or spicy foods
Stress support	Calms symptom flares

Table 3: Supportive strategies for comfort

Lichen Planus Pigmentosus

Lichen planus pigmentosus affects darker skin and appears as brown or grey patches on sun exposed areas, often requiring careful sun protection [3,4].

Management focuses on reducing inflammation and preventing further pigmentation changes in these areas [3,4].

Conclusion

Lichen planus affects the skin and mucous surfaces in varied ways, and understanding these patterns helps guide effective long term management [1,2,3].

Readers seeking tailored guidance can explore options through our personal skincare review, which offers personalised support for long term skin health.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. NHS. Lichen Planus
2. Arnold DL, Krishnamurthy K. Lichen Planus StatPearls
3. Gorouhi F, Davari P, Fazel N. Cutaneous And Mucosal Lichen Planus
4. Mendiratta V, Sanke S, Chander R. Lichen Planus Pigmentosus

Vitiligo creates pale patches that change the look of the skin, and many notice shifts in confidence and comfort when new areas appear or existing ones grow [1,2].

In this article, we explore vitiligo causes, vitiligo symptoms, and vitiligo treatment in a simple and supportive way for readers seeking clearer guidance.

Causes Of Vitiligo

Vitiligo develops when melanocytes stop producing pigment, which leads to pale areas that may appear gradually or quickly across different regions [1,2].

Researchers study oxidative stress, genetic influences, and immune activity to understand why these cells become vulnerable in some people.

Autoimmune Theory

Autoimmune activity may cause the immune system to target melanocytes. This pattern is seen in some people and suggests a shared link with other immune concerns [1,2].

Associations with thyroid issues support this idea, showing how overlapping immune pathways can shape symptom patterns in vitiligo [4].

Genetic Factors

Family history increases risk, and researchers have identified gene loci that explain why some people are more susceptible to pigment loss than others [2,3].

These findings support the idea that genes can influence timing and progression while interacting with environmental triggers.

Environmental Factors

Environmental triggers such as sunburn, trauma, or chemical exposure can influence onset in susceptible people by stressing already vulnerable cells [2,5].

Emotional stress may also affect the condition by disrupting immune balance, which some notice during challenging periods [4].

Summary Table: Causes Of Vitiligo

Cause	Description
Autoimmune activity	Immune changes affect melanocytes [1,2]
Genetic predisposition	Family history increases risk [2,3]
Environmental triggers	Trauma and sunburn may worsen [2,5]
Oxidative stress	Inflammatory imbalance affects pigment [1,4]
Psychological stress	Stress may aggravate symptoms [4]

Table 1: Causes of vitiligo

Vitiligo Symptoms

Vitiligo symptoms often begin with pale or white patches that develop on areas such as the face, hands, legs, and trunk [1,2].

Some people also notice early greying in hair on the scalp, lashes, or brows, which may help with early recognition and support [1,2].

Types Of Vitiligo

Generalised vitiligo affects both sides of the body. Segmental vitiligo appears on one side. Focal vitiligo presents as isolated patches that may remain stable.

These types help clinicians understand expected behaviour and guide the approach to long term management.

Summary Table: Vitiligo Symptoms

Symptom or sign	Description
Depigmented patches	Pale areas on exposed regions [1,2]
Symmetry patterns	Generalised, segmental, or focal [1,2]
Premature greying	Hair colour changes in affected areas [1,2]
Mucosal involvement	Paleness inside the mouth [2]
Variable onset	Gradual or sudden appearance [1,2]

Table 2: Symptoms of vitiligo

Vitiligo Treatment

Vitiligo does not affect physical health, but it can influence confidence, which makes supportive management helpful for long term comfort [2,6].

Understanding the type and severity helps guide care in ways that feel manageable and aligned with personal goals [6].

Topical Corticosteroids

Topical corticosteroids may help restore pigment when used early and consistently under clinical guidance [1,2].

These creams support colour return by calming immune activity and easing inflammation in affected areas.

Phototherapy

Phototherapy with narrowband UVB stimulates remaining melanocytes through controlled light exposure that encourages pigment formation [7].

Regular attendance helps improve results, and combining light treatment with topical care offers extra support.

Surgical Options

Surgery may assist stable vitiligo by placing melanocytes or small pieces of pigmented skin into pale areas to encourage new pigment [2].

These approaches require planning and are used when other treatments have not helped enough.

Emerging Therapies

JAK inhibitors are being studied for their ability to influence immune pathways linked to pigment loss and show early promise [8].

These options may support future personalised care as research progresses.

Summary Table: Vitiligo Treatment

Treatment type	Description
Topical corticosteroids	Early use supports colour return [1,2]
Calcineurin inhibitors	Useful on delicate areas [1]
Phototherapy	Narrowband UVB encourages pigment [7]
Surgical options	Grafting may help stable cases [2]
JAK therapies	Immune targeted treatments in study [8]
Psychological support	Helps with emotional wellbeing [6]

Table 3: Treatments for vitiligo

Monderma Offerings For Skin Concerns

Monderma supports concerns such as acne, ageing skin, hyperpigmentation, and rosacea through personalised prescription skincare.

Ingredients such as adapalene, azelaic acid, clindamycin, hydroquinone, ivermectin, niacinamide, and tretinoin may be selected to support individual needs.

Conclusion

Vitiligo has many influences, and treatments continue to evolve through ongoing study that aims to improve support for those living with the condition.

Readers seeking tailored guidance can explore options through our skin consultation, which provides personalised support for general long term skincare.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Prevalence Background Information Vitiligo CKS
2. NHS. Vitiligo
3. Eleftheriadou V, Delattre C, Chetty Mhlanga S, et al. Burden Of Disease And Treatment Patterns In Patients With Vitiligo
4. Hu Z, Chen D, et al. Beyond Skin White Spots Vitiligo And Associated Comorbidities
5. Njoo MD, Das PK, Bos JD, Westerhof W. Association Of The Koebner Phenomenon With Disease Activity And Therapeutic Responsiveness In Vitiligo Vulgaris
6. Ezzedine K, Eleftheriadou V, Jones H, et al. Psychosocial Effects Of Vitiligo
7. Majid I, Imran S, et al. Efficacy Of Targeted Narrowband Ultraviolet B Therapy In Localised Vitiligo
8. Fang Y, Li Y. Advances In Vitiligo Update On Therapeutic Targets

Acne affects many people and often continues into adulthood, creating concerns about texture, clarity, or comfort that influence daily confidence [1,2]. These changes prompt interest in fast fixes that seem to offer relief.

This article explains why sunbeds do not treat acne effectively and outlines safer approaches that support long term skin clarity through gentle, structured care supported by evidence [3,4,11].

Understanding Acne Development

Acne begins when excess oil mixes with dead skin cells. This buildup leads to congestion and visible spots on areas such as the face, chest, or back during flare periods [1,2].

Hormonal changes, diet, and stress may influence this process. These factors increase oil flow, which creates a surface environment where breakouts form more easily [10].

Sunbeds & Acne

Some people believe sunbeds reduce inflammation. UV rays may flatten redness briefly, and this can appear helpful after a single session. This effect is temporary and inconsistent [4,11].

Drying of the surface may create momentary smoothness, but repeated exposure increases irritation. This can heighten sensitivity and prolong existing breakouts [3].

Why Sunbeds Are Unsafe

UV radiation damages DNA inside skin cells. This type of damage increases the risk of cancer and accelerates visible ageing, even when exposure is short or infrequent [4,5,11].

This makes sunbeds unsuitable for acne or any skin concern. Long term consequences outweigh any short lived change in the appearance of inflammation [4].

Risk	Summary
Skin cancer	UV exposure increases melanoma risk
Early ageing	UV accelerates collagen loss

Table 1: Key risks of sunbeds

Limits Of Sunbeds For Acne

Sunbeds do not target the causes of acne. They cannot reduce excess oil, clear pores, or correct the buildup that leads to new lesions over time [4,11].

They also offer no support for moderate or severe acne, which requires treatment that addresses cell turnover, bacteria, or hormonal influence in a structured way [7].

Safer Options For Acne Care

Benzoyl peroxide may reduce bacteria linked with active spots and calm local inflammation during early use. This can support clearer areas gradually [6].

Salicylic acid helps loosen dead skin cells and clear blocked pores. Gentle, regular use improves surface texture when used within a balanced routine [6].

Retinoids such as adapalene or tretinoin help regulate cell turnover and support more even texture. This may benefit post acne marks or early fine lines [6].

Additional Supportive Steps

Some people find that low glycaemic choices help steady breakouts. Others notice improvement through mindful practices that reduce stress related oil flow [10].

Daily sunscreen protects against marks becoming darker over time. Non comedogenic products and steady routines help maintain ongoing comfort and clarity [6].

When Professional Care Helps

Prescription treatments may be needed when over the counter options do not provide relief. These treatments can address clogged pores, inflammation, or pigmentation [6,7].

Light based therapies that use blue wavelengths offer non UV support for acne bacteria. This approach avoids the risks associated with sunbeds [9].

Monderma Support For Acne

Monderma provides personalised skincare for acne, hyperpigmentation, rosacea, and wrinkles. Formulations may include adapalene, azelaic acid, tretinoin, or niacinamide.

GPhC registered prescribers review each case individually, ensuring treatments align with skin needs and support gentle, long term improvement.

Conclusion

Sunbeds cannot treat acne and create significant risks for skin health due to UV exposure. The temporary changes they produce do not address the underlying causes [4,5,11].

Those seeking safe and effective acne care can explore our personalised consultation, which provides tailored guidance supported by clinical assessment.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Kutlu Ö, Metin A. Adult Acne Versus Adolescent Acne.
2. Liu Y, Zeng Y, Sheng S, Shen X. Managing Adult Acne.
3. NHS. Vitamin D.
4. Boniol M, Autier P, Boyle P, Gandini S. Cutaneous Melanoma Attributable To Sunbed Use.
5. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Sunbeds And UV Radiation.
6. NICE. Acne Vulgaris Management.
7. Santer M, Francis NA, Lown M, et al. Effectiveness Of Spironolactone For Women With Acne.
8. Skindoc UK. Spironolactone Information.
9. Akuffo Addo E, et al. Visible Light In Acne Treatment.
10. Meixiong J, et al. Diet And Acne.
11. Cancer Research UK. How The Sun And UV Cause Cancer.
12. Nascimento et al. Tea Tree Oil For Inflammatory Acne.

Contact dermatitis is a common cause of redness and irritation, and many people notice that flare ups affect comfort and daily routines. The skin reacts to substances that disturb its balance.

In this article, the different types of contact dermatitis are explained along with triggers, symptoms, and approaches that help restore comfort while supporting the skin barrier [1,2].

What Is Contact Dermatitis?

Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin becomes inflamed after touching an irritant or allergen. It often presents as redness, dryness, or small bumps that create persistent discomfort [1].

Irritant contact dermatitis is more common than allergic contact dermatitis and accounts for most reported cases. Symptoms may appear quickly or build over time with repeated contact [2].

Types Of Contact Dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis begins when the immune system reacts to a specific allergen such as nickel, fragrance, or certain preservatives. These reactions may appear days after exposure [3].

Irritant contact dermatitis results from repeated disruption to the skin barrier. Soaps, detergents, solvents, and harsh cleaning agents often contribute to this type of irritation [1,2].

Type	Key Feature
Allergic reaction	Immune response after exposure
Irritant response	Barrier damage from contact

Table 1: Types of contact dermatitis

Symptoms Of Contact Dermatitis

Symptoms vary based on severity but often include redness or itching. Some areas may become dry or cracked when the skin barrier weakens after repeated exposure [2].

Blisters, bumps, or swelling may appear in stronger reactions. These symptoms can feel uncomfortable and may take time to settle without supportive care [2].

Causes Of Contact Dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis may come from nickel in jewellery, fragrance in lotions, preservatives in cosmetics such as methylisothiazolinone, or certain topical medications [3,4].

Irritant contact dermatitis often develops after contact with soaps, detergents, solvents, or acids. These strip natural oils from the surface and weaken barrier strength [1,2].

People with atopic dermatitis may be more sensitive because their skin barrier is naturally more vulnerable to dryness and irritation [5].

Diagnosing Contact Dermatitis

Diagnosis is based on examining the skin, understanding recent exposures, and noting patterns of irritation. Patch testing may help identify allergens when reactions persist [2,3].

Healthcare professionals may also rule out other concerns such as fungal issues when symptoms do not follow a clear contact pattern [5].

Treatment Approaches

Avoiding identified triggers plays a central role in settling contact dermatitis. Gentle routines and simpler products help protect the skin barrier during recovery [2].

Topical hydrocortisone may ease redness and inflammation in mild cases. Emollients also support comfort by reinforcing the skin barrier and reducing dryness [2,6].

Short courses of oral antihistamines may help reduce itching, while oral corticosteroids may be considered for more severe cases under clinical supervision [7].

Home based approaches such as cool compresses or oatmeal baths may support comfort, although evidence is limited and results vary between individuals [2].

Preventing Contact Dermatitis

Prevention focuses on recognising triggers early and avoiding them when possible. Using gentler cleansers, fragrance free products, and regular moisturising helps maintain barrier strength.

Protective gloves can limit exposure during household or occupational tasks. Reading labels and understanding irritants reduces the chance of repeat reactions [2,3].

Monderma Support

Monderma provides personalised prescription skincare for acne, hyperpigmentation, rosacea, and wrinkles. Ingredients such as azelaic acid and niacinamide may help calm visible redness.

These formulations are designed by GPhC registered prescribers and adjusted for individual needs, supporting barrier strength and overall skin comfort with steady use.

Conclusion

Contact dermatitis can feel disruptive, but gentle care, trigger awareness, and barrier support help reduce discomfort over time. A consistent routine encourages calmer, clearer skin.

Those seeking guidance for acne, hyperpigmentation, rosacea, or wrinkles can explore tailored options through our personalised consultation, designed for supportive care.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Litchman G, Nair PA, Atwater AR, Bhutta BS. StatPearls.
2. NHS. Contact Dermatitis.
3. Murphy PB, Atwater AR, Mueller M. StatPearls.
4. DeKoven JG, Silverberg JI, Warshaw EM, et al. Dermatitis.
5. Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, et al. Nat Rev Dis Primers.
6. NICE. Atopic Eczema In Under 12s.
7. Egeberg A, Schwarz P, Harsløf T, et al. JAMA Dermatology.

Whiteheads on the nose are common and can make the skin feel uneven, especially when oil and debris sit beneath the surface. These bumps develop when pores remain sealed and become congested.

In this article, the reasons behind whitehead formation are explained, along with gentle and effective methods that help clear the nose area while supporting lasting comfort and clarity [1,3].

Whiteheads & Skin Health

Whiteheads are closed comedones formed when sebum becomes trapped inside the pore. This is most common in oily or combination skin, especially around the nose [3].

Blackheads differ because the pore stays open and the trapped material darkens when exposed to air. Understanding this helps guide treatment and prevents discomfort [1,4].

Knowing which acne type is present helps with choosing products that support pore clarity while keeping the skin comfortable, especially when breakouts sit in sensitive areas.

Why Whiteheads Form

Whiteheads appear when excess oil and dead skin accumulate beneath sealed pores. This buildup is more likely when the skin produces more sebum, especially around the nose [3].

Hormonal changes during menstrual cycles or pregnancy may increase oiliness and contribute to more visible bumps. These shifts can make whiteheads feel more persistent [2].

Inconsistent cleansing may leave residue on the skin that worsens clogging, especially after makeup or pollution exposure. Regular care helps avoid this [1,4].

Certain dietary patterns may influence acne. Lower glycaemic eating approaches show stronger support, while reduced dairy intake may help in some people [1,5,6].

Treatments For Whiteheads

Gentle cleansing removes surface buildup and keeps pores clearer. Products with salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide support skin that feels congested on the nose [1,4].

Exfoliating with alpha hydroxy acids or beta hydroxy acids two or three times weekly helps lift dead skin. These options often feel gentler than physical scrubs [1,8].

Non comedogenic skincare removes the risk of thick or occlusive textures worsening clogged pores. These formulas suit oily or breakout prone areas [4].

Topical retinoids such as adapalene or tretinoin help renew the skin inside the pore, which improves texture and reduces repeated whitehead formation [8,10].

Professional treatments can help when breakout patterns persist. Chemical peels provide deeper exfoliation, while extractions work best when performed by trained clinicians [7].

Tea tree oil may support surface bacteria and mild inflammation, although evidence for home remedies such as honey, cinnamon, or aloe vera remains limited [9].

Clay masks absorb excess oil, while occasional pore strips can lift surface debris. These options help maintain pore comfort when used alongside a regular routine [1,4,8].

Method	Core Support
Cleansing	Removes surface buildup
Exfoliation	Clears dead skin
Retinoids	Support pore turnover
Clay masks	Absorb excess oil
Non comedogenic care	Reduce pore clogging

Table 1: Key approaches for whiteheads

Routine Planning

A consistent routine supports fewer whiteheads over time. Combining cleansing, exfoliation, and retinoids helps the skin shed buildup while maintaining clearer pores [1,8].

Comfort improves when changes are introduced gradually. Moisturiser maintains softness and supports the skin during adjustments to new products or increased exfoliation.

Prevention Tips

Lower glycaemic eating habits and reduced dairy intake have stronger evidence for acne support. Other dietary links remain uncertain and vary person to person [1,5,6].

Stress management and regular activity can support overall wellbeing, even though direct effects on acne remain limited [2].

Monderma Support

Monderma provides personalised prescription skincare for acne, hyperpigmentation, rosacea, and wrinkles. Treatments may include adapalene, azelaic acid, or clindamycin for pore support.

These formulations help improve texture and pore clarity with strengths chosen by GPhC registered prescribers to match individual needs and comfort preferences.

Conclusion

Whiteheads on the nose often improve with routines that encourage steady turnover, gentle exfoliation, and pore friendly skincare choices. These steps support clearer and more balanced skin.

Those seeking tailored support for acne can explore Monderma’s personalised approach through our skincare consultation, offering strengths that aligns with individual needs.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. NICE. Acne Vulgaris: Management.
2. Elsaie ML. Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology.
3. NHS. Acne Causes.
4. NHS. Acne Treatment.
5. Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Danby FW, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol.
6. Wilcock J et al. Br J Gen Pract.
7. Eichenfield DZ, Sprague J, Eichenfield LF. JAMA.
8. Kolli SS, Pecone D, Pona A, et al. Am J Clin Dermatol.
9. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Aust J Dermatol.

Rosacea affects many adults through persistent redness, visible vessels, and periodic papules, often impacting confidence [1,5]. These symptoms can fluctuate with stress, heat, or sun, which makes management important for comfort and clarity.

This article explains how microneedling for rosacea works, how it supports collagen, how it may improve texture, and what risks to consider before treatment [1,2].

What Microneedling Involves

Microneedling uses a device fitted with fine sterile needles to create small channels across the skin surface, stimulating natural repair responses and collagen formation [1,2].

Originally used for concerns such as acne scars and wrinkles, microneedling is now explored as an option for people who experience texture changes with rosacea [1].

How Microneedling Supports Rosacea

Collagen stimulation can strengthen the skin structure, helping improve smoothness and reducing visible papules associated with rosacea [1,2,3].

A study found that fractional microneedling radiofrequency supported collagen renewal and improved redness and papules in people with rosacea [1].

Barrier Support & Hydration

Microneedling may support the skin barrier by encouraging renewal and improving moisture retention, which can help reduce sensitivity [2].

Improved absorption through microchannels can support the effect of topical treatments such as calming or hydrating creams used for rosacea management [2].

Is Microneedling Good For Rosacea

Responses vary between individuals because rosacea can be reactive. Some people notice smoother skin and reduced redness while others experience irritation [1,2].

A study in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology found that combining fractional microneedling radiofrequency with a pulsed dye laser improved papulopustular rosacea symptoms [4,8].

What To Expect During Sessions

A microneedling appointment usually lasts around thirty minutes. A numbing cream may be used to support comfort. Mild redness is common after treatment [1,2].

People are usually advised to avoid sun exposure and makeup for twenty four hours to protect the skin while early healing takes place [5,6].

Benefits Of Microneedling

Benefit	Summary
Texture improvement	Collagen stimulation can reduce papules and support smoother skin [1,2]
Redness support	Some people experience reduced facial redness after treatment [1,4]
Minimal downtime	Mild redness usually settles quickly [5,6]

Table 1: Benefits of microneedling

Risks & Side Effects

Risk	Summary
Irritation	Rosacea prone skin may react to microinjury depth [7]
Infection	Any skin breaking treatment requires sterile technique [5]
Redness and swelling	Temporary redness is common but usually short lived [5]

Table 2: Key risks to consider

Who Might Benefit

People with mild or moderate rosacea who want smoother texture or reduced redness may benefit from microneedling. Results often improve over several sessions [1,5].

A dermatologist can help determine suitability, especially for people who also experience acne or wrinkles, which may respond differently to treatment.

Who Should Avoid Treatment

People who are in an active rosacea flare, those with infections, or those with delayed wound healing should avoid microneedling.

Topical options recommended in the NICE rosacea management guidance may be more suitable in these situations [5].

Preparing For Treatment

Avoiding strong exfoliants, retinoids, or sun exposure helps prepare the skin. Hydration and gentle cleansing support comfort before a session [6].

After treatment, sunscreen, gentle moisturisers, and avoidance of makeup for twenty four hours support recovery and help maintain results [1,5].

Monderma Skincare Support

Monderma provides personalised prescription treatments for rosacea, acne, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkles.

Formulas may include azelaic acid or ivermectin to support redness reduction and calming effects, prepared by GPhC registered prescribers.

Conclusion

Microneedling may support rosacea through collagen renewal, texture improvement, and mild redness reduction, although sensitivity varies and professional oversight is essential [1,4].

People considering treatment can explore complementary skincare through our personalised skincare consultation, designed to support clarity and comfort with expert guidance.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Park SY, Kwon HH, Yoon JY, Min S, Suh DH. Clinical and histologic effects of fractional microneedling radiofrequency on rosacea. Dermatologic Surgery.
2. Bare N Beautiful. Microneedling for rosacea overview.
3. Prime Aesthetics. Is microneedling good for rosacea.
4. Hasan AI, Shukri D, Al Sheikh A. Fractional microneedling with isotretinoin for rosacea. Dermatology Review.
5. Hampton PJ, Duarte Williamson CE, Hay R, et al. British Association of Dermatologists rosacea management guidelines. British Journal of Dermatology.
6. NICE CKS. Rosacea management guidance.
7. Aşiran Serdar Z, Aktaş Karabay E. Case of microneedling induced rosacea. Journal of Cosmetic Laser Therapy.
8. Assiri A. Low dose isotretinoin for rosacea.

Sun spots and freckles can look similar at first glance, yet their causes differ, which makes clear understanding helpful for people who want to support their skin health [1].

This article explains how sun spots form, how freckles develop, how they differ, and how evidence based care can support pigmentation concerns in daily routines [1,2].

What Are Sun Spots?

Sun spots are flat brown marks caused by cumulative ultraviolet light exposure, often seen on the face, hands, and arms in people with long term outdoor exposure [1].

They are also known as solar lentigines and are linked with higher lifetime ultraviolet exposure, especially after middle age, when pigment cells respond more strongly [1].

Guidance from NHS notes that people with several pigmented marks should check their skin regularly to monitor changes [2].

How Sun Spots Form

Sun spots develop when ultraviolet light increases melanin production in localised patches, creating darker areas that remain stable across seasons [1].

Research in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology shows that long term ultraviolet exposure is a major driver of solar lentigines, especially in adults over forty [1].

What Are Freckles?

Freckles are small light brown marks that appear in people with a genetic tendency toward uneven melanin distribution, especially in fair skin types [3].

These marks become more visible with sunlight but often fade during winter, which makes their appearance more seasonal compared to long lasting sun spots [3].

A review from StatPearls reports that freckles are linked to MC1R gene variations and are considered harmless [3].

Sun Spots & Freckles Compared

Feature	Key Notes
Cause	Sun induced pigment change from ultraviolet light [1]
Cause	Genetic variation influencing melanin visibility [3]
Seasonal change	Sun spots remain stable across seasons [1]
Seasonal change	Freckles fade during winter and brighten with sunlight [3]
Typical age	Sun spots common in adults over forty [1]

Table 1: Key differences between sun spots and freckles

Moles & Freckles

Moles differ from freckles because they involve clusters of pigment cells that can be flat or raised and may change gradually over time [4].

A study published in Arch Dermatol found that transformation of moles into melanoma is rare, although regular checks remain helpful for safety [4].

Preventing Sun Spots & Freckles

Daily use of broad spectrum sunscreen supports prevention of both sun spots and freckles by reducing ultraviolet exposure that drives pigmentation change [5].

Guidance from NICE advises reapplying sunscreen every two hours when outdoors for reliable protection [5].

Wearing protective clothing, seeking shade during peak sunlight, and avoiding artificial ultraviolet sources such as sun beds supports long term skin health [2,5].

Treatments For Sun Spots

Topical options include hydroquinone, tretinoin, and niacinamide, which can reduce pigment and support a more even skin tone when used consistently with guidance [6].

A study in J Dermatolog Treat reported that four percent hydroquinone reduced pigmentation within twelve weeks in controlled conditions [6].

Professional care such as chemical peels, laser treatment, or cryotherapy may also help reduce visible sun spots in appropriate settings [7].

Reviews in Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol note improvement with laser based treatments for solar lentigines, although suitability varies by skin type [7].

Monderma & Pigmentation Support

Monderma provides personalised prescription skincare for acne, hyperpigmentation, rosacea, and wrinkles, using ingredients selected to support tone and clarity.

Formulations may include tretinoin, niacinamide, or hydroquinone, which can help address unwanted pigment when used as part of a personalised plan [6,11,12].

Assessment through a structured online review allows clinicians to recommend ingredients that align with your skin type, goals, and tolerance.

Conclusion

Sun spots arise from long term ultraviolet exposure, while freckles relate to genetic traits that become more visible in sunlight and soften during winter [1,3].

Understanding these differences supports clearer skincare choices, especially when changes in pigmentation appear gradually or feel difficult to interpret [1,2].

Evidence based ingredients can support tone and texture, and protective habits form an essential part of any long term routine for maintaining skin comfort [5,6].

People with pigmentation concerns often benefit from guidance, especially when signs are persistent or linked with past ultraviolet exposure [1,5].

You can explore tailored care for your skin through our personalised consultation service.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Monestier S, Gaudy C, Gouvernet J, Richard MA, Grob JJ. Multiple senile lentigines of the face. J Invest Dermatol. 2006.
2. NHS. Skin cancer non melanoma guidance.
3. StatPearls. Melanocytic Nevi.
4. Tsao H, Bevona C, Goggins W, Quinn T. Transformation of moles into melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2003.
5. NICE. Sunlight exposure risks and benefits. NG34.
6. Ennes SBP, Paschoalick RC, Alchorne MMDA. Hydroquinone efficacy study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2000.
7. Husain Z, Alster T. Lasers and light in dermatology. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016.

Psoriasis is a long term skin condition that can affect daily comfort, confidence, work, and social life, especially for adults in midlife [1,4].

This article explains how psoriasis develops, how different treatments work alongside lifestyle support, and how informed choices may improve long term skin health [1,2].

Psoriasis Symptoms

Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition where the immune system triggers skin cells to multiply several times faster than usual [1]. This leads to a build up of cells that form scales and red patches [1].

This rapid turnover can cause unpredictable flare ups, with periods of remission [1]. Symptoms may vary over time, which can feel frustrating and tiring for many people.

The most common type of psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, typically affects elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back, but it may also appear on palms, soles, or the face [2].

Variants like guttate psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, and nail psoriasis present unique challenges, often requiring tailored approaches [3].

Psoriasis symptoms include red, scaly patches, itching, and joint issues, with early recognition key to effective management [1]. Early detection allows timely intervention, potentially reducing flare up severity.

Identifying specific symptoms helps healthcare providers create personalised treatment plans, addressing physical and psychological impacts, because psoriasis is associated with increased risks of anxiety and depression [4].

Topical Psoriasis Treatments

Topical treatments are often the first choice for mild or moderate psoriasis. They are applied directly to affected areas to reduce inflammation, slow extra cell growth, and ease scaling [5].

These psoriasis creams are usually simple to use at home and can work well alone or alongside other therapies as part of a broader care plan [5].

Treatment	Key Points
Corticosteroids	Calm inflammation and redness but long use needs supervision [5]
Vitamin D analogues	Slow cell growth and often pair well with corticosteroids [6]
Retinoids	Regulate cell activity but can irritate without moisturisers [5]
Salicylic acid	Helps lift scales and can improve other product penetration [7]
Coal tar	Eases scaling and itching, often used for plaques [5]

Table 1: Common topical psoriasis treatments

Corticosteroids, recommended for plaque psoriasis on less sensitive areas, may be used for more than 12 weeks under medical supervision to balance benefit and risk [5].

Vitamin D analogues like calcipotriene are often well tolerated and may provide longer term relief, especially when combined with corticosteroids in a single plan [6].

Salicylic acid supports exfoliation of thick scale and can make other treatments more effective [7]. Following professional advice helps maximise benefit and reduce side effects [5].

Psoriasis Shampoos

Scalp psoriasis affects over half of people with psoriasis and may cause visible scaling, itching, and discomfort that impacts styling choices and self confidence [8].

Specialist psoriasis shampoos can soften scale, ease itching, and support scalp comfort while leaving hair easier to manage and style [5,7].

Shampoo Type	Key Points
Coal tar shampoo	Slows excess cell growth on the scalp and may reduce scaling [5]
Salicylic acid shampoo	Softens and lifts scale while helping other scalp treatments work better [7]
Ketoconazole shampoo	Addresses yeast related flaking and can calm itching when both conditions overlap [5]

Table 2: Shampoos for scalp psoriasis care

Regular use, as advised by a clinician, can reduce irritation and make scalp symptoms less visible [5]. People may need to test more than one formula before finding a good fit.

Light Therapy For Psoriasis

Light therapy, also known as phototherapy, uses controlled ultraviolet light to slow the speed of skin cell turnover and reduce inflammation in psoriasis plaques [9].

It is usually offered in specialist settings for moderate or severe psoriasis that has not responded well to topical treatments alone [9].

Phototherapy, such as narrowband ultraviolet B, is often recommended for plaque psoriasis and may be combined with topical treatments to increase overall response [9].

As with any ultraviolet exposure, possible risks include skin ageing and a small increase in future skin cancer risk, so careful planning and monitoring are essential [4].

Systemic Psoriasis Treatments

For moderate to severe psoriasis, or when topical methods and phototherapy do not give enough relief, systemic treatments can help by working throughout the entire body [10].

These medicines are usually reserved for psoriasis that affects a large area, involves joints, or significantly reduces quality of life [4,10].

Treatment	Key Points
Methotrexate	Reduces inflammation and slows cell growth but needs liver and blood checks [10]
Cyclosporine	Provides rapid relief but requires careful kidney and blood pressure monitoring [5]
Biologics	Target specific immune pathways and can give strong skin clearance but need infection monitoring [10]

Table 3: Systemic treatment options for psoriasis

Methotrexate is generally less effective than some biologics for skin symptoms but remains a cost effective and widely used option for many people [5,10].

Biologics, such as adalimumab and etanercept, can provide high levels of clearance for plaques but require regular follow up and infection checks [10].

Cyclosporine is often used only in the short term because of kidney and blood pressure risks, making close medical review essential [5].

Lifestyle Tips For Psoriasis

Lifestyle changes cannot cure psoriasis but may complement medical treatment and help reduce the frequency or intensity of flare ups [1,4].

Psoriasis is linked with triggers such as stress, smoking, higher body weight, and some medications, which can make symptoms worse when several are present together [4].

Regular use of moisturisers helps lock in water, soften scale, and support the skin barrier, which can make other treatments feel more comfortable on the skin [5].

Adequate fluid intake, balanced meals, and gentle movement can support general wellbeing. Some studies suggest that omega 3 rich foods may modestly reduce inflammation in psoriasis and other conditions, although more research is needed [4].

Stress reduction techniques such as breathing exercises, mindfulness, or yoga may help people feel more in control and may reduce some flare ups linked with stress [4].

These supportive steps, used together with prescribed treatment, can form a long term management plan, even though a complete cure for psoriasis is not available at present [1].

Conclusion

Psoriasis is a complex skin condition, but a clear, stepwise plan can make symptoms easier to live with and can support daily comfort and confidence [1,2].

From psoriasis cream and psoriasis shampoo to light therapy and systemic medicines, a wide range of options can be combined to match severity and lifestyle needs [1,5,9,10].

Professional guidance helps ensure that each choice is safe and appropriate, especially when psoriasis overlaps with other health conditions or emotional wellbeing concerns [4].

You can explore tailored support for your skin through our personalised skincare consultation.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Armstrong AW, Read C. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1945–1960.
2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psoriasis: assessment and management. NICE guideline CG153. 2012, updated 2017.
3. StatPearls. Psoriasis. StatPearls Publishing. Updated 2023.
4. Yeung H, Takeshita J, Mehta NN, et al. Psoriasis severity and the prevalence of major medical comorbidity. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(10):1173–1179.
5. Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 6. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(1):137–174.
6. Camarasa JM, Ortonne JP, Dubertret L. Calcitriol shows greater persistence of treatment effect than betamethasone dipropionate in topical psoriasis therapy. J Dermatolog Treat. 2003;14(1):8–13.
7. NHS. Psoriasis treatment. NHS. Updated 2020.
8. UpToDate. Psoriasis: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Updated 2019.
9. NHS. Psoriasis treatment phototherapy. NHS. Updated 2020.
10. Armstrong AW, et al. Joint AAD NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):1029–1072.
11. Iraji F, Sadeghinia A, Siadat AH, et al. Efficacy of 15% azelaic acid in psoriasis vulgaris. J Res Med Sci. 2010;15(4):221–225.

Ear blackheads are common and often appear in folds where oil and debris collect. These small, dark bumps can affect comfort and confidence but respond well to gentle care.

This article explains why blackheads in ear areas develop, how to remove ear blackheads safely, and evidence based steps that support clearer, healthier skin.

What Are Blackheads?

Blackheads form when sebum and dead cells block hair follicles, creating open comedones that darken when exposed to air [1,2,6]. They are a mild form of acne vulgaris [3,6].

They commonly appear on the face, back, chest, and ears, especially in areas with more active oil glands. Understanding how they form helps guide safe removal and long term prevention.

Why Blackheads Form In Ears

The ear contains many folds that trap excess oil, dead skin, and environmental debris [4,7]. This creates ideal conditions for blackheads in the ear to develop.

Sebum production in the ear behaves similarly to the face. Hormonal activity, especially androgens, can increase this output and contribute to clogged follicles [3,5,6]. Consistent hygiene helps reduce buildup.

How To Remove Blackheads In The Ear

Removing ear blackheads requires gentle methods that respect the sensitivity of the area. Evidence based approaches support safe removal and reduced irritation.

Use A Warm Compress

A warm compress softens debris inside pores and makes extraction easier. Applying warmth helps loosen buildup and reduces discomfort during removal [6,7].

Apply Salicylic Acid Or Other Treatments

Salicylic acid exfoliates inside pores and breaks down material that causes blockage [2,6]. Products containing 0.5 to 2 percent can be applied carefully with a cotton swab, avoiding the ear canal.

Benzoyl peroxide reduces oils and bacteria and can support blackhead removal [9]. Glycolic acid exfoliates the surface, though it is less commonly used in ear areas [10].

Professional Comedone Extraction

Dermatologists use a comedone extractor to remove blackheads in ear folds with precision. This approach helps avoid trauma that can occur with at home attempts [10].

Self extraction is discouraged, as improper pressure or tools can harm delicate skin [6,8].

Large Blackheads In The Ear

Large or deep blackheads may require professional removal. These can form when pores remain clogged for longer periods and collect more debris [11].

Treatments such as microdermabrasion or chemical peels can support removal while maintaining skin integrity [10]. Attempting to remove large blackheads at home increases the risk of irritation and scarring.

Removal Methods

Technique	Summary
Warm compress	Softens debris for easier removal
Salicylic acid	Helps exfoliate and unclog pores
Comedone extractor	Used safely by professionals
Professional help	Recommended for larger lesions

Table 1: Ear blackhead removal methods

How To Prevent Ear Blackheads

Prevention focuses on hygiene and lifestyle habits that reduce buildup in the outer ear and follicles.

Maintain Ear Hygiene

Clean the outer ear with a gentle, non comedogenic cleanser. NHS guidance advises mild soap and water while avoiding objects inside the ear canal [6].

Limit Earbud Use

Earbuds trap sweat and oils, increasing congestion [7]. Cleaning earbuds and choosing over the ear headphones improves airflow and reduces pore blockage.

Adopt A Balanced Diet

Diet may influence acne for some people. High glycaemic foods and dairy can contribute to breakouts in certain individuals [11,12]. A varied diet supports skin health, although direct links to ear blackheads are limited.

Prevention Measures

Measure	Summary
Maintain hygiene	Cleanse outer ear gently and regularly
Limit earbuds	Reduce trapped oils and clean devices
Balanced diet	Support overall skin wellbeing

Table 2: Preventative care overview

Ear Care Tips For Healthy Skin

Good ear hygiene extends beyond preventing blackheads. Gentle habits protect delicate skin and support long term comfort.

Protect Ears From Sun Exposure

The outer ear is prone to UV damage. Sunscreen or a hat helps reduce photodamage and maintains skin health [10,13]. Reapplying sunscreen supports continued protection.

Handle Ears Gently

Use mild, non abrasive cleansers and avoid harsh scrubbing that can strip natural oils [6]. Choose non comedogenic products to maintain clear pores.

Monitor For Changes

Persistent blackheads or irritation may signal an underlying issue. NHS guidance encourages professional advice when symptoms continue or worsen [6,8].

Additional Considerations

Ear wax plays a protective role but can contribute to debris buildup when excessive. Clean only the outer ear with a damp cloth and avoid inserting objects into the canal [6,9]. Seek support for persistent wax concerns.

Conclusion

Ear blackheads are common and respond well to warm compresses, salicylic acid, gentle cleansing, and consistent hygiene. Understanding causes and using evidence based methods supports clearer, healthier skin over time.

Those wanting tailored support for ear blackheads or related concerns can explore personalised care through our expert skincare consultation, designed to provide guidance that fits individual goals.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. Cleveland Clinic. Blackheads What They Look Like Treatment And Prevention.
2. Healthline. Blackheads Causes Symptoms And Treatments.
3. StatPearls. Acne Vulgaris.
4. Medical News Today. How To Get Rid Of Blackheads In The Ears.
5. BMJ Best Practice. Acne Vulgaris.
6. NHS. Acne.
7. Healthline. Blackheads In Ear Causes And Treatment.
8. NICE. Acne Vulgaris Management.
9. NHS. Earwax Build Up.
10. British Skin Foundation. Acne.
11. Harvard Health Publishing. Diet And Adult Acne.
12. PMC. The Relationship Of Diet And Acne.
13. NHS. Sunscreen And Sun Safety.

Selecting sunscreen for acne prone skin can feel challenging, especially when some products increase breakouts. Many people find that lighter formulations help maintain clarity and comfort.

This article explains how non pore clogging sunscreen ingredients support acne prone skin, protect against UV damage, and help reduce pigmentation changes linked with acne treatments [1,3].

Understanding Non Comedogenic Sunscreens

Non comedogenic sun creams are designed to avoid blocking pores, which may help prevent new blackheads or whiteheads [1]. Lightweight textures allow the skin to feel comfortable while still protected.

Choosing a broad spectrum option supports protection from UV light and reduces the risk of darkening acne marks or irritating sensitive areas during active treatment [1,2].

Why Sunscreen Matters For Acne Prone Skin

Many acne treatments increase sensitivity to sunlight, which raises the risk of redness and discomfort [2]. Unprotected exposure may worsen post inflammatory hyperpigmentation and dark spots that follow breakouts [3].

A daily sunscreen supports healing and lowers long term risks linked with repeated UV exposure, including changes that affect skin tone and overall skin health [1,9].

Key Ingredients To Look For

Ingredient	Summary
Zinc oxide	Physical filter that soothes and protects [5]
Titanium dioxide	Lightweight mineral filter [6]
Niacinamide	Calms redness, supports barrier [15]
Hyaluronic acid	Hydrates without pore clogging [8]
Aloe vera	Soothes and protects from irritation [10]

Table 1: Useful sunscreen ingredients

Zinc Oxide

Zinc oxide forms a protective layer on the skin that reflects UV rays without clogging pores [5]. Its calming qualities help reduce redness and support comfort for acne prone or sensitive skin.

Titanium Dioxide

Titanium dioxide offers broad spectrum coverage and remains on the skin surface without entering pores, helping reduce the chance of irritation or breakouts [6].

Niacinamide

Niacinamide supports oil balance and reduces redness, which may be helpful for those using sunscreen with acne prone skin [15]. It can also support the skin barrier and help reduce visible pigmentation [7].

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid draws moisture to the skin and helps maintain hydration without heaviness. Its gentle texture supports barrier health and can be suitable for dry or sensitive skin [8].

Aloe Vera

Aloe vera helps calm irritation and reduce visible redness, especially after sun exposure [10]. Antioxidant properties provide additional support for skin comfort and balance [11].

Ingredients To Avoid

Some ingredients may irritate acne prone skin or increase the chance of breakouts, so many readers prefer to avoid them when choosing sunscreen.

Ingredient	Summary
Oxybenzone	Chemical filter that may irritate sensitive skin
Octinoxate	UVB filter linked with irritation risk
Fragrances and dyes	May cause sensitivity or imbalance

Table 2: Ingredients to avoid

Choosing A Sunscreen For Acne Prone Skin

SPF 30 or higher helps protect against UV damage and supports healthy skin recovery [1,9]. Oil free and fragrance free formulas may reduce irritation and help maintain clarity [9].

A small patch test can help confirm compatibility, especially for those with sensitive or reactive skin.

Application Tips For Better Protection

Applying a generous layer helps ensure full coverage. Reapplying throughout the day maintains protection, especially during prolonged outdoor time [1].

A non pore clogging sunscreen works best when applied after moisturiser and before makeup, helping maintain an even protective layer [9].

Conclusion

Choosing sunscreen for acne prone skin supports clarity, comfort, and long term skin health. Ingredients such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, niacinamide, hyaluronic acid, and aloe vera help protect without clogging pores, while avoiding known irritants supports calmer, clearer skin.

Those wanting tailored skincare advice can explore support through our personalised skincare consultation, which connects individuals with pharmacist led guidance.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acne Vulgaris Management. 2021.
2. StatPearls. Acne Vulgaris. 2023.
3. Eichenfield DZ, Sprague J, Eichenfield LF. Management Of Acne Vulgaris. JAMA. 2021.
4. Halder RM, Richards GM. Topical Agents For Hyperpigmentation. Skin Therapy Letters. 2004.
5. Gupta M, Mahajan VK, Mehta KS, Chauhan PS. Zinc Therapy In Dermatology. Dermatology Research And Practice. 2014.
6. CitySkinClinic. Titanium Dioxide Skincare And Its Benefits. 2024.
7. OneSkin. Does Niacinamide Help With Acne And Scarring. 2024.
8. Jegasothy SM, Zabolotniaia V, Bielfeldt S. Topical Nano Hyaluronic Acid. Journal Of Clinical And Aesthetic Dermatology. 2014.
9. ELLE UK. Best Face SPFs For Acne Prone Skin. 2025.
10. Aloe Vera Australia. Aloe Vera And Sun Protection.
11. Cetaphil India. Benefits Of Aloe Vera In Sunscreens.
12. Hitech Formulations. Oxybenzone In Sunscreens.
13. Dermasport. Why Chemical Sunscreens Break Me Out. 2023.
14. Johansen JD. Fragrance Contact Allergy. American Journal Of Clinical Dermatology. 2003.
15. KINS Clinic. How To Use Niacinamide For Acne Scars.

Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune blistering disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes [1,2]. It can impact comfort, appearance, and confidence for many adults.

In this article, we explain how this auto immune disease on skin develops, which symptoms to notice, and why early specialist review can support safer outcomes [1,2,3].

Types Of Pemphigus

Doctors recognise several types of pemphigus, which differ in where blisters form, how deep they are, and how severely they affect the skin or mouth [1,2,3].

Type	Key Features
Pemphigus vulgaris	Painful blisters on mouth and mucosa [1,2]
Pemphigus foliaceus	Superficial crusted plaques on skin [1,3]
Paraneoplastic pemphigus	Blisters linked with underlying cancers [3]

Table 1: Main pemphigus types

Causes Of Pemphigus

Pemphigus occurs when antibodies mistakenly target desmogleins, which help neighbouring skin cells stick together in the upper layers and mucous membranes [1,3].

Genetic background, some medicines, and rare environmental exposures can increase the chance of pemphigus developing or flaring in susceptible people [1,3].

Symptoms Of Pemphigus

Symptoms differ with disease type, but many people first notice tender blisters or erosions on the skin and in the mouth that break easily [1,2,3].

Symptom	Typical Impact
Fragile skin blisters	Open sores that may sting or bleed [1,2,3]
Mouth or throat sores	Pain when eating or drinking [1,2]
Burning or itching	Lasting discomfort on affected skin [1,3]

Table 2: Common pemphigus symptoms

Diagnosis

Diagnosis usually combines clinical examination with tests [1,2,3]. Dermatologists often take a small skin sample for biopsy to look for a pattern called acantholysis.

Direct immunofluorescence testing highlights antibodies that attach to the spaces between skin cells, which helps confirm an autoimmune blistering process [1,2,3].

Treatment Options

Treatment aims to control active blisters, reduce infection risk, and maintain remission where possible [1,2,3]. Plans are individual and adjust as symptoms change.

Oral corticosteroids are often used first to calm inflammation and limit new blisters [1,2,3]. Other medicines, including azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate, may help reduce steroid needs [1,3].

Rituximab is now widely recognised as an effective option for many people with more severe pemphigus, particularly when standard treatments are not enough [3].

Supportive care, such as wound care, pain relief, infection monitoring, and regular follow up, is also essential in day to day management [1,2].

Living With Pemphigus

Living with pemphigus can be challenging, yet education, clear plans, and timely review help many people stay engaged with treatment and notice early signs of relapse [1,2].

Good mouth care, gentle skincare, and avoiding known triggers where possible can all support skin comfort and reduce some flare risks [1,2].

Emotional And Social Support

Visible blisters and erosions may affect confidence, social comfort, and work or family life [1,2]. It is common to feel worried, low, or self conscious at times.

Many people find value in counselling, peer support groups, or patient charities, which can offer shared experience, coping ideas, and reassurance [1,2].

Monderma Support For Skin Concerns

Monderma provides personalised prescription skincare for concerns such as acne, ageing skin, hyperpigmentation, and rosacea, with formulas prepared by pharmacists after consultation.

Conclusion

Pemphigus is a serious autoimmune skin condition that benefits from early recognition, careful diagnosis, and coordinated specialist care. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatments can help people feel more prepared to seek support.

Those wanting guidance for persistent or complex skin issues can explore tailored advice through our personalised skincare consultation, which connects individuals with pharmacist led care.

Content is for informational purposes only. Monderma treatments are prescribed following consultation. Results and timeframes can vary. Use as directed by your prescriber.

References

1. British Association of Dermatologists. Pemphigus vulgaris Patient Information Leaflet. 2025.
2. NHS. Pemphigus vulgaris. 2022.
3. Malik AM, Tupchong S, Huang S, Are A, Hsu S, Motaparthi K. An Updated Review of Pemphigus Diseases. Medicina. 2021;57(10):1080.